Maternal behavior in pigs

When sows kept under commercial conditions were put into crates in the early 1960s, the neuro-endocrine regulation of the maternal behavior in these domestic animals was disputed. Thus, the study of sow maternal behavior intensified and today a significant body of knowledge has accumulated to support the hormonal regulation of sow maternal behavior. The onset of nest building is associated with a periparturient decline in progesterone, an increase in prolactin and a major rise in plasma concentrations of PGF2alpha the day before parturition. Some nest building behaviors, such as pawing and gathering straw, have been found to correlate with changes in the levels of progesterone, prolactin and somatostatin. The duration of the birth process correlates negatively with peripheral oxytocin levels. During lactation, the stimuli from the piglets affect the release of several hormones which not only regulate the let down of milk but also sow metabolism and mammary milk production. The sow's nursing behavior ensures an even distribution of milk to her piglets. The piglets suckling behavior, in turn, is mainly a way to communicate their individual nutritional needs.     

Maternal behavior in cattle

We provide a critical summary of the literature on maternal behavior in cattle. The studies we review increase our basic understanding of this behavior and provide insights into practical problems in cattle production. When domesticated cattle are permitted to rear their young, the behaviors associated with maternal care are for the most part similar to those observed in wild ungulates. These behaviors allow the cow to bond with her calf, protect and provide it with nourishment and ultimately break down this bond at weaning. Different commercial production systems have emphasized different maternal behaviors, some being viewed as advantageous while others are considered a hindrance. Extensive production systems (most beef cattle production) place the responsibility of rearing the newborn largely on the cow and risk factors that affect the maternal bonding process (e.g. cross licking) remain important practical challenges. Most dairy cattle production discourages all aspects of maternal behavior with the exception of milk production, but changing consumer demand (e.g. increases in organic production) will make an understanding of maternal behavior in this system a priority in years to come.     

肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的观察和护理

目的探讨肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎有效的观察方法和护理措施。方法对152例肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的观察方法和护理措施进行回顾性分析。结果152例患者通过治疗及护理配合,治愈好转129例,死亡和自动出院23例。结论加强病情观察及实施有效的护理措施对促进患者康复、减少并发症,降低死亡率有重要的意义。     

医德视域下医学生医学精神的建构

近些年来,我国十分重视医学生职业道德教育,然而,在医德教学实践中仍存在着观念落后、内容失衡和方法单一等多方面问题。同时,随着我国多元结构社会的形成,医学生的思想状况和价值观趋于复杂化,从业时职业道德水平出现滑坡。针对目前医学生医德教育存在的种种问题,试图从加强和改进医学生医德教育的角度,探索医学生医德教育改革,增强医学生医德教育的实效性。     

微生态制剂对预防肝硬化自发性腹膜炎再发的疗效观察及护理体会

目的探讨常规保肝基础上联合微生态制剂对肝硬化自发性腹膜炎再发的疗效及护理措施。方法选取选取2011年10月至2013年6月来我院治疗的肝硬化自发性腹膜炎患者48例,随机分为微生态治疗组及对照组,微生态治疗组行常规保肝治疗并加用微生态制剂,对照组仅行常规保肝治疗,比较1年内两组患者自发性腹膜炎的再发情况及再发时各症状缓解时间的变化,并总结护理措施。结果微生态治疗组再发率明显低于与对照组再发率,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);微生态治疗组的各项症状的缓解时间也明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在常规保肝基础上加服微生态制剂可以有效地预防肝硬化患者自发性腹膜炎再发,并能显著缩短再发时各症状的缓解时间。同时,护理人员的正确护理是保证治疗顺利进行,并改善患者预后的关键。     

综合护理干预对老年住院糖尿病患者影响的临床观察

目的：观察综合护理干预对老年住院糖尿病患者的临床影响,探讨改善老年住院糖尿病患者临床表现及预后的护理方式。方法：选择老年住院糖尿病患者160例,随机均分为对照组和观察组,对照组采取常规专科护理,观察组加行综合护理干预,治疗2周后比较两组患者焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分;出院3个月后比较两组患者自我管理和生活质量（GQOL-100）评分结果：治疗2周和出院3个月后,两组患者在上述方面比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,观察组优于对照组。结论：对老年住院DM患者施行综合护理干预措施,具有积极的临床意义。     

成人先天性髋关节发育不良的围手术期护理

成人先天性髋关节发育不良是一种髋臼先天性发育缺陷的疾病,长期发展会形成髋关节半脱位、脱位,最终甚至可能出现股骨头坏死等严重合并症。对于早期患者目前主要采用髋臼旋转截骨手术治疗,而晚期出现股骨头脱位及坏死则只能通过全髋关节置换进行治疗。不论哪种手术方式,围手术期的护理对于患者的健康恢复都有着非常重要的意义。     

热射病合并多器官功能障碍综合征持续静- 静脉血液滤过治疗的护理

目的:探讨热射病合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)持续静-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)的治疗作用并总结护理要点。方法:回顾分析2008年5月至2010年9月,我院收治的6例热射病合并MODS,及时运用CVVH并采取综合治疗措施,对治疗和护理进行总结。结果:6例患者5例痊愈,1例死亡。通过早期积极采用CVVH联合综合治疗措施,可快速降低患者体温,防止因高热引起的恶性循环。结论:CVVH是热射病合MODS有效治疗方法,其可早期纠正电解质及酸碱紊乱,且对代谢产物和炎症因子的清除也有重要作用。期间严密的观察与护理,以及配合治疗的连续性,是成功救治这类患者的关键。     

甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹疗效观察及护理体会

目的:探讨甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹疗效及护理方法。方法:自2008年1月至2010年3月入院的81例带状疱疹患者分为两组,治疗组予甲钴胺、单磷酸阿糖腺苷和高能激光联合治疗并配合精心护理,对照组仅予单磷酸阿糖腺苷治疗,两组均在治疗第10天时观察症状及体征的变化。患者出院后随访半年。结果:治疗组与对照组有效率分别为90.2%和56.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组与对照组的止疱时间(1.4±1.1天vs2.6±1.3天)、结痂时间(5.4±1.4天vs8.1±1.5天)和止痛时间(3.0±1.6天vs 5.8±3.3天),以及治疗后两组患者直观模拟尺评分结果(2.95±1.45 vs 3.97±1.85)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访半年结果治疗组出现后遗神经痛较对照组少(P<0.05)。结论:甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹并配合精心护理有利于取得良好的临床治疗效果。     

Can zoo records help answer behavioral research questions? The case of the left‐handed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Most zoos keep comprehensive records, which potentially form a database for use in answering some research questions, such as in veterinary and population management research. They have not, however, been widely used to answer questions about animal behavior and welfare. Here we try to assess the usefulness to behavioral research of two sorts of zoo records (ARKS, the Animal Records Keeping System, and student dissertations held on file) to test the hypothesis that ring-tailed lemurs with a left limb preference experience more negative social lives. We found that, as predicted, lemurs with a left limb preference (LH) received more aggression and were involved in less grooming than nonleft-preferent lemurs (NLH), though the differences were not statistically significant. Contrary to prediction, LH lemurs had fewer reported woundings than NLH lemurs, but again the difference was not statistically significant. We found that the ARKS reports did not contain sufficient quantified and systematic behavioral data for our purposes, although otherwise they provided an excellent context for interpreting results. The student dissertations were also of limited use, primarily because of the small time frame in which they were carried out. Because of these shortcomings we were unable to distinguish whether our inability to find significant effects was due to biological (perhaps hand preference had no consequences for the lemurs) or data reasons. We suggest that closer liaison between zoo research staff, zoo record keepers and academic supervisors could help to improve the usefulness of zoo records for behavioral research.