Forest sources and pathways of organic matter transport to a blackwater stream: a hydrologic approach

Quantitative information regarding landscape sources and pathways of organic matter transport to streams is important for assessing impacts of terrestrial processes on aquatic ecosystems. We quantified organic C, a measure of organic matter, flowing from a blackwater stream draining a 12.6 km² watershed on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina, and utilized a hydrologic approach to partition this outflow between its various pathways from upland and wetland forest sources. Results of this study indicate that 28.9 tonnes C yr^–1 were exported in stream flow, which was estimated to be 0.5% of the annual C input from forest detritus to the watershed. Upland forest, which covers 94% of the watershed area, contributed only 2.0 tonnes C yr^–1 to stream flow, which amounted to 0.04% of detritus annually produced by the upland forest. Organic matter was transported from uplands to the stream almost entirely through groundwater. Apparently, upland soils are too sandy to support overland flow, and the sloping topography insufficiently extensive or steep enough to drive important quantities of interflow. Riparian wetland forest, which covers only 6% of the watershed area, contributed 26.9 tonnes C yr^–1 to stream flow, amounting to about 10.2% of detritus annually produced by the wetland forest. Dissolved organic C leached from wetland soil accounted for 63% of all organic C entering the stream, and was transported chiefly in baseflow. These results indicate that upland detritus sources are effectively decoupled from the stream despite the sandy soils and quantitatively confirm that even small riparian wetland areas can have a dominant effect on the overall organic matter budget of a blackwater stream. In view of the recognized importance of dissolved organic matter in facilitating transport of other substances (e.g., cation nutrients, metals, and insoluble organic compounds), our results suggest that the potential for movement of these substances through wetland soils to streams in this region is high.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸天然碱地肤种群的密度制约规律

 本文以两个生长季的调查测定为基础,分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸天然碱地肤种群不同数量性状的密度制约规律及其数量调节机制。两个生长季取样合并拟合的幂函数模型,是碱地肤种群平均植株重、平均植株籽实重、单位面积籽实重、籽实重比率以及在籽实成熟期的地上生物量等性状密度制约的最好描述模型。综合分析的结果表明,环境容纳量随环境条件而变化,在环境容纳量和密度制约上,两个生长季均表现为籽实成熟期比开花期大。密度制约作用是一个连锁反应过程,碱地肤种群最终是以增减对生殖生长能量分配的生殖对策来实现其种群的数量调节。     

松嫩平原主要盐碱植物群落生物生态学机制的初步探讨

 本文采用野外调查分析和室内实验相结合的方法,从不同方面初步探讨松嫩平原三个盐碱植物群落的生物生态学机制,实验和分析结果表明：(1)土壤盐碱含量是决定盐碱植物群落组成和分布的主导因素。在植物群落的生态分布上,表现出虎尾草群落、星星草群落和碱蓬群落对盐碱的耐性有逐渐增强的趋势。(2)在实验室控制条件下,群落的建群种碱蓬、星星草、虎尾草对盐碱生境的生理适应性依次减弱。(3)在盐碱含量不同的土壤上,星星草体内脯氨酸含量与土壤总含盐量,特别是土壤中Na+含量呈正相关,说明植物通过调节体内某些生理反应来适应盐碱生境。上述结果初步揭示了松嫩平原主要盐碱植物群落的生物生态学机制。     

关中平原城市群扩张对生态用地的多尺度影响

城市扩张与生态空间保护的矛盾是新型城镇化和国土空间规划过程中急需解决的问题之一。作为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的核心区域，关中平原城市群面临更加严峻的生态和资源胁迫。但相关研究主要对研究区整体的生态环境变化进行测度，少有研究分析城市群发展对生态用地的多尺度影响，且忽略了城市群中土地变化最剧烈，生态受胁迫最严重的城市边缘区。因此，基于土地利用数据，结合土地利用转移矩阵、景观指数、估算城市扩张间接影响的生态用地面积等方法，研究从城市群、重点城市和主要城市边缘区3个尺度分析1990-2018年城镇扩张对生态用地的直接和间接影响。结果表明：（1）关中平原城市群土地利用类型以半生态用地（耕地）为主，面积占比超过40%。而城市边缘区主要以半生态用地和建设用地为主。1990-2018年城市群建设用地面积比例由3.67%增长至5.93%，耕地面积共计减少3032.11 km²，自然生态用地的面积增加628.03 km²。受耕地占补、退耕还林等多重政策的影响，半生态用地和自然生态用地的变化呈现为"拉锯式"发展特征。（2）城市扩张对半生态用地的直接影响大于对自然生态用地的直接影响，各尺度土地利用转移变化大同小异，新增建设用地的主要来源均为耕地，其中城市边缘区的耕地受城镇扩张的挤占最为突出。（3）城市扩张对自然生态用地的间接影响大于直接影响，且不同城市建设用地对自然生态用地的间接影响因耕地补偿机制的不同而有所差异。因此，对关中平原城市群实施"一刀切"的耕地补偿政策实际上并不合理，应当因地制宜，考虑地区土地资源条件，适当调整发展和约束政策，更有利于城市群的可持续发展。     

Soil-surface CO<Superscript>2</Superscript> fluxes in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deyeuxia angustifolia</Emphasis> wetland in Sanjiang Plain,China

In many temperate-zone ecosystems, seasonal changes in environmental and biological factors influence the dynamics and magnitude of surface–atmosphere exchange. Research was conducted between July and October 2001 to measure growing season surface-layer fluxes of CO₂ in a Deyeuxia angustifolia dominated wetland on the Sanjiang Plain in northeastern China. Seasonal fluctuation and daily change in soil-surface CO₂ fluxes were measured as well as the edaphic factors controlling CO₂ fluxes. Soil-surface CO₂ fluxes were measured with a closed-chamber system. The results revealed that there were both seasonal fluctuations and daily change in CO₂ fluxes. The ranges of measured soil-surface CO₂ flux were 0.208 – 1.265 g CO₂m^–2h^–1. Soil-surface CO₂ fluxes averaged 0.620 g CO₂ m^–2h^–1. An analysis of several edaphic factors including soil temperature and soil moisture of the D. angustifolia wetland showed that there was a significant relationship between flux and temperature (R² = 0.77).     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤氮素净矿化与硝化作用

2004年6月—2005年7月,利用PVC顶盖原位培育法研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤(0~15cm)无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率动态、影响因素及年净矿化/硝化量.结果表明:两种湿地土壤的无机氮均呈明显的动态变化特征,其NH4 -N、NO3-N含量均表现为典型草甸小叶章湿地>沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地.两种湿地土壤的净矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化,生物固持作用、反硝化作用以及雨季较多降水是导致净矿化/硝化速率出现负值的主要原因.温度、降水、土壤有机质含量、C/N和pH是引起二者土壤无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率存在明显差异的重要原因.典型草甸小叶章湿地的年净矿化量(19.41kg·hm-2)、年净硝化量(4.27kg·hm-2)以及净硝化量占净矿化量的百分比(22.00%)明显高于沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地(5.51kg·hm-2、0.28kg·hm-2和5.08%),说明前者的氮有效性以及维持可利用氮的能力明显高于后者.     

三江平原春小麦农田生态系统氧化亚氮通量特征

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对三江平原春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放通量进行连续2.5年的田间原位观测.结果表明:三江平原春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放通量具有较明显的季节变化和年际变化,并主要与年际间降水及田间水分管理差异有关;春小麦农田生态系统N2O排放日变化与气温及地下5 cm温度变化有关.生长期N2O的排放较强,休耕期N2O排放量显著下降,冰冻期N2O的排放较微弱,融冻时N2O排放缓慢增强.生长期N2O平均排放通量为0.190 mg.m-2.h-1,收割后到冰冻期间为0.077 mg.m-2.h-1,冻融期间为0.017 mg.m-2.h-1.     

三江平原泥炭中营养元素垂直分布特征

采用冬季采样、现场分层的方法,系统地研究了三江平原河床．河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭地中常量营养元素N、P、Mg、Ca、Fe和微量营养元素Cu、Zn、Mn、B的垂直分布特征．结果表明,总N在泥炭表层富集,总P在草根层富集,其含量随剖面深度的增加而降低,Zn、Mn、B、Mg、Fe表现出草根层富集和淤泥质亚粘土潜育层急剧积累,Ca元素含量在剖面各层次中分布较均匀．某些营养元素间具有显著的相关性．     

松嫩平原两个生态型羊草种群生长机制

对松嫩平原两个生态型羊草种群生长机制进行了研究.结果表明,两个生态型羊草种群分株重与密度之间关系呈幂函数变化,方程中b值（-0.098～-0.272）大于-1.两个生态型羊草种群生物量、分株重随着密度、高度的增加而逐渐增加,它们之间的关系符合幂函数或直线变化规律,达到显著或极显著相关水平.两个生态型羊草种群生物量和分株重随密度和高度的变化速率在营养生长期内均最小.灰绿生态型的变化速率b（0.7872、0.0134）在营养生长期小于黄绿生态型（0.8793、0.0222）;到果后营养期,灰绿生态型（0.8048、0.0303）逐渐超过黄绿生态型（0.7796、0.0258）.两个生态型羊草种群在研究样地环境中未达到环境容纳量,两个生态型羊草种群在整个生育期内不断生长,具有相同的生长规律,且灰绿生态型羊草种群具有更强的生长潜力.     

三江平原湿地小叶章生产力模拟模型

利用气象台站的常规观测资料,依据植物生长模拟理论,以d为步长,建立了湿地小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)植被生产力动态模拟模型。该模型包括3个子模块:1)光合作用与呼吸作用;2)干物质积累;3)同化物分配,主要考虑了温度和积水因子对植物生长的影响。并利用实测资料对该模型进行了检验,结果表明:小叶章地上活体、枯落物、茎、叶各器官枯落物的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.98、0.99、0.99和0.92)。在相邻区域的检验结果也表明,季节性积水沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量明显高于常年积水沼泽。两类湿地小叶章地上生物量的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著线性相关(R²分别为0.66和0.79)。相近区域长期定位观测点连续2年的模拟结果与实测值之间也具有极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.97和0.76)。