mtDNA evidence for a local northern latitude Pleistocene refugium for the root vole (Microtus oeconomus,Arvicolinae, Rodentia) from Eastern Poland

We analysed the genetic structure of 33 populations of the root vole (tundra vole, Microtus oeconomus, Pallas, 1776) inhabiting their typical habitats, located at different distances from the southern boundary of the species’ range (52°14′–53°56′ N) in eastern Poland. We determined its phylogeographic pattern as well as the possible occurrence of a small, local high‐latitude refugium of this species in southern Poland, previously suggested in palaeontological studies. 908 bp of cytochrome b sequences were analysed from 439 root voles, and 21 mtDNA cytb haplotypes belonging to the Central European (CE) phylogroup were found. Haplotype diversity in the examined populations varied between 0 and 0.872 (mean: 0.425 ± 0.332), while nucleotide diversity ranged between 0 and 0.62% (mean: 0.235% ± 0.217). Within the CE phylogroup of M. oeconomus, we identified with high bootstrap support a newly separated group of M. oeconomus that evolved from CE, denoted CE‐PL S. This group is located in the southern and central part of eastern Poland and most likely diverged from phylogroup CE in a small, cryptic refugium situated in southern Poland, in the Kraków‐Cz?stochowa Upland and/or the Holy Cross Mountains during the LGM and Younger Dryas.     

Duplication and population dynamics shape historic patterns of selection and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex in rodents

Genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is vitally important for wildlife populations to respond to pathogen threats. As natural populations can fluctuate greatly in size, a key issue concerns how population cycles and bottlenecks that could reduce genetic diversity will influence MHC genes. Using 454 sequencing, we characterized genetic diversity at the DRB Class II locus in montane voles (Microtus montanus), a North American rodent that regularly undergoes high‐amplitude fluctuations in population size. We tested for evidence of historic balancing selection, recombination, and gene duplication to identify mechanisms maintaining allelic diversity. Counter to our expectations, we found strong evidence of purifying selection acting on the DRB locus in montane voles. We speculate that the interplay between population fluctuations and gene duplication might be responsible for the weak evidence of historic balancing selection and strong evidence of purifying selection detected. To further explore this idea, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis across 16 rodent species with varying demographic histories and MHC duplication events (based on the maximum number of alleles detected per individual). On the basis of phylogenetic generalized linear model‐averaging, we found evidence that the estimated number of duplicated loci was positively related to allelic diversity and, surprisingly, to the strength of purifying selection at the DRB locus. Our analyses also revealed that species that had undergone population bottlenecks had lower allelic richness than stable species. This study highlights the need to consider demographic history and genetic structure alongside patterns of natural selection to understand resulting patterns of genetic variation at the MHC.     

东方田鼠警觉对其功能反应的作用格局

植食性哺乳动物功能反应描述了摄入率与植物可利用性变量的动态关系。动物警觉因占用了处理食物时间即觅食中断时间而延迟与下一口食物相遇,引致摄入率降低,进而对功能反应构型产生影响。在新鲜白三叶叶片构成的各类食物密集斑块上,测定东方田鼠觅食行为,建立功能反应函数模型,检验觅食中断对功能反应的作用格局及机制。结果发现,除小叶片斑块觅食中断时间在觅食活动中所占的比例较低外,在大、中型叶片斑块的觅食中断时间比例均达到15.42%-26.82%;尽管,觅食中断使摄入率降低了33%,但东方田鼠功能反应仍为Ⅱ型功能反应。除东方田鼠采食时间及觅食回合时间随叶片重增大保持相对稳定外,处理时间及觅食中断时间均随叶片重增大呈线性递增趋势;采食时间、处理时间及觅食中断时间随口量的增大呈线性递增趋势;采食率随叶片重和口量增大呈指数递减趋势。研究结果揭示,东方田鼠因警觉引起的觅食中断事件是导致采食率及摄入率降低的主要因子。摄入率测定值与模型预测值的线性回归极显著(P < 0.01),表明,新建立的功能反应模型具有良好的可预测性。推测,东方田鼠因警觉引起采食率及摄入率减小的代价,是以延长觅食时间来补偿的。研究结果充分验证了,在可利用性植物密集斑块,由植物大小调控的动物口量决定其摄入率,且受采食和处理食物竞争及觅食中断的制约,其功能反应为Ⅱ型功能反应的假说。     

基于交叉抚育的雌性根田鼠对雄鼠尿气味的识别

通过交叉抚育建立同巢同胞、同巢非同胞、异巢同胞和异巢非同胞个体组成的室内繁殖种群,在断奶后（80日龄）分别取这些供体的新鲜尿作刺激物,在吕字型观察箱中观察和记录雌性根田鼠对雄鼠气味的行为响应,以研究根田鼠同胞识别的化学通讯机制。结果表明：（1）成年雌性根田鼠对雄性同巢同胞气味的接近潜伏期极显著短于对同巢非同胞气味的接近潜伏期（P〈0.01）,而其对两者的访问时间和嗅舔时间之间的差异并不显著（P〉0.05）;（2）雌鼠对雄性异巢同胞和异巢非同胞气味无明显偏好。其对两者的接近潜伏期、访问时间和嗅舔时间等行为响应均无显著差异（P〉0.05）;（3）雌鼠对雄性同巢非同胞和异巢非同胞的接近潜伏期差异并不明显（P〉0.05）,对两者访问时间和嗅舔时间的差别不大（P〉0.05）;（4）比较雌鼠对异巢同胞和同巢同胞气味的行为响应发现,其对后者的接近潜伏期显著短于前者（P〈0.05）,其对两者访问时间、嗅舔时间之间的差异未达到显著水平（P〉0.05）。这些结果表明,80日龄时,雌性根田鼠具有亲属识别能力,其同胞识别的机制可能为共生熟悉和表型匹配两种模式协同作用。     

Glacial cycles drive rapid divergence of cryptic field vole species

Understanding the factors that contribute to the generation of reproductively isolated forms is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. Cryptic species are an especially interesting challenge to study in this context since they lack obvious morphological differentiation that provides clues to adaptive divergence that may drive reproductive isolation. Geographical isolation in refugial areas during glacial cycling is known to be important for generating genetically divergent populations, but its role in the origination of new species is still not fully understood and likely to be situation dependent. We combine analysis of 35,434 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with environmental niche modeling (ENM) to investigate genomic and ecological divergence in three cryptic species formerly classified as the field vole (Microtus agrestis). The SNPs demonstrate high genomic divergence (pairwise F_ST values of 0.45–0.72) and little evidence of gene flow among the three field vole cryptic species, and we argue that genetic drift may have been a particularly important mechanism for divergence in the group. The ENM reveals three areas as potential glacial refugia for the cryptic species and differing climatic niches, although with spatial overlap between species pairs. This evidence underscores the role that glacial cycling has in promoting genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation by subdivision into disjunct distributions at glacial maxima in areas relatively close to ice sheets. Future investigation of the intrinsic barriers to gene flow between the field vole cryptic species is required to fully assess the mechanisms that contribute to reproductive isolation. In addition, the Portuguese field vole (M. rozianus) shows a high inbreeding coefficient and a restricted climatic niche, and warrants investigation into its conservation status.     

Urine marking in male common voles: Does behavioural activity matter?

Rodent urine provides animals with a large amount of information, from the identity of the animal through its physical condition to social status. Many studies therefore focus on rodent urine-marking behaviour and use marking frequency as an indicator of social status or competitive ability. However, marking, like many other aspects of rodent behaviour, may be affected by individual behavioural activity, a factor that has not been examined so far. We therefore studied a relationship between male urine-marking in reaction to another male's marks (standard opponent) and individual personality profile, characterised by behavioural activity in an open field test (OFT). The marking appeared to be consistent and specific for particular individuals as there was a significant positive relationship between individual markings in two different phases of the experiment. The linkage between behavioural activity in the OFT and urine-marking frequency was non-linear (quadratic), which suggested that males with intermediate activity marked more intensively than males from the extremes of the behavioural spectra. The relationship between the opponent's and the tested males' markings was positive, however, we found no statistically significant evidence that the voles would attempt to overmark the opponent. Marking thus seems to have more of a self-advertising than a competitive function in the common vole. Further, as high marking activity is under strong intra- or intersexual selection, the result might suggest a stabilising selection of the personality trait described as behavioural activity in our study.     

限制食粪对东方田鼠食物消化和体重生长的影响

食粪行为是植食性小型哺乳动物为满足其营养需求所采取的一种适应对策。实验室条件下,限制1月龄和12月龄东方田鼠摄食粪便,测定了限制食粪对食物消化率和体重生长的影响,旨在进一步揭示食粪行为在植食性小型哺乳动物的营养及消化对策中的作用。结果表明,限制食粪使1月龄和12月龄东方田鼠的干物质消化率分别下降27.64 %和7.89 %,粗蛋白消化率分别下降21.39 %和12.68 %;限制食粪可显著抑制东方田鼠的体重增长,且限制食粪对幼体体重的影响较成体明显。因此,研究结果充分验证了限制食粪可降低东方田鼠的食物消化率及抑制其体重生长的假设。     

田鼠种群波动的原因和时间

本文总结了橙腹田鼠（Microtus ochrogaster）和草原田鼠（M．permsylvanicus）25年的种群统计学研究结果和结论。探讨了田鼠种群波动周期性、诱发种群波动以及导致波动期间峰值变异的因素。并对种群存活值和繁殖活动的作用进行了分析和评价。根据两种田鼠种群波动周期性、波动峰值出现的时间以及特定年份峰值的高度等特征,证明两物种波动均具有不稳定性。两种田鼠存活值的变化是由特定年份是否发生波动以及波动峰值出现的时间决定。增加初始阶段的种群密度及时间长度是造成两种动物种群波动峰值不同的主要原因。橙腹田鼠种群停止增长的原因是存活值降低,而草原田鼠则是繁殖活动减少。据推测,与种群波动初始密度相关的种群死亡率的差异是由捕食者的净效应（Net effect）决定的,调控两种群密度的因素均为非密度的其它生态学因子。由于特定年份田鼠种群捕食压力的不确定性,导致了橙腹田鼠和草原田鼠种群波动的不稳定性。     

SARS-CoV动物模型研究之中国现状

目的综合对比SARS-CoV感染的恒河猴、布氏田鼠及Lewis大鼠的病理学、免疫学以及病毒的复制与外排情况的变化,来探讨此三种动物在建立SARS模型上的特点。方法SARS病毒感染8只恒河猴、9只Lewis大鼠和20只布氏田鼠,在感染后不同时间安乐死动物,应用光镜对动物的各脏器进行病理观察研究;用病毒分离和RT-PCR方法检测病毒外排与复制的情况;用ELISA法检测动物产生特异性抗体情况。结果在SARS-CoV感染恒河猴、Lewis大鼠和布氏田鼠后,肺组织均出现一定的与人类SARS疾病相似的病理改变,在动物体内均可检测到活病毒或病毒核酸,并可检测到特异性IgG抗体的存在。在病死率上布氏田鼠最高;在病毒的复制与外排方面恒河猴的检出率最高,持续时间最长;在抗体产生情况上恒河猴与Lewis大鼠基本相似;在病理变化上恒河猴病变最重且最为复杂,与人类SARS疾病的病理变化最为接近。结论布氏田鼠,Lewis大鼠,特别是恒河猴动物模型可以用于SARS发病机制、疫苗和药物的研发,恒河猴动物模型是目前研究SARS疾病最理想的动物模型。     

Microsatellite DNA markers for the snow vole (Chionomys nivalis)

A total of 14 dinucleotide microsatellite loci were characterized in the snow vole (Chionomys nivalis). Allelic polymorphism across all loci and 28 individuals representing a single population in the Swiss Alps was high (mean = 10.1 alleles). No significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci and no departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were found. These loci will be useful for describing mating systems and population structure and to investigate the genetic consequences of a species living in a highly fragmented habitat.