MDR3（ABCB4）、BSEP（ABCB11）和FIC1（ATP881）基因在人绒毛和正常妊娠胎盘组织表达的研究

目的检测肝脏胆盐载体FIC1（ATP881）、BSEP（ABCB11）和MDR3（ABCB4）在正常绒毛和胎盘组织中转录水平和蛋白水平的表达情况,探讨肝脏胆盐载体在人类胎盘胆汁酸排泌过程中的作用和功能。方法选择正常妊娠6～12周的孕妇（早孕组）15例和妊娠38～40周的孕妇（晚孕组）20例,采用实时定量逆转录一聚合酶链反应技术（realtimeRT．PCR）检测绒毛和胎盘组织中上3种载体的mRNA,采用免疫组织化学（S-P）法分别检测后两种载体蛋白在上述35例胎盘组织中的表达,并通过免疫印迹技术分析这两种载体在胎盘组织中的含量。结果在所有绒毛和胎盘组织中均检测到3种载体的mRNA。MDR3mRNA在正常绒毛中的表达量较低为（0．15±0．04）,正常晚期妊娠胎盘中表达量为（0．58±0．06）,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。与早孕组相比,FIC1mRNA表达水平明显由（0．65±0．03）下降至（0．23±0．04）,差别有非常显著意义（P〈0．01）。而BSEPmRNA表达无改变（0．06±0．01和0．05±0．01）（P〉0．05）。MDR3蛋白、BSEP蛋白在正常绒毛和胎盘组织中均有表达,且两种载体在正常早孕绒毛及晚期妊娠胎盘分布范围基本一致,主要分布在绒毛合体滋养细胞母体面游离缘。MDR3、BSEP蛋白在绒毛和晚期妊娠胎盘中的表达趋势与其mRNA相似,MDR3蛋白Western印迹条带的光密度值为（11357±3618）（早孕组）和（46753±2834）（晚孕组）,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。BSEP蛋白早孕组Western印迹条带的光密度值为（1296±436）,晚孕组为（1798±575）,两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论3种肝脏胆盐载体FIC1、MDR3和BSEP在正常绒毛和胎盘组织中均有表达,可能参与了胎盘胆汁酸的排泌功能。妊娠期间MDR3、FIC1和BSEPmRNA和蛋白表达发生变化,可能与胎儿生长发育的需要有关。     

Transport of (Glyco)Sphingolipids in and Between Cellular Membranes; Multidrug Transporters and Lateral Domains

Sphingolipids are highly enriched in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. However, the first glycolipid, glucosylceramide, is synthesized in the opposite, cytosolic leaflet of the Golgi membrane. This has led us to experiments which suggest that the level of glucosylceramide in the cytosolic surface is carefully regulated both by the balance between synthesis and hydrolysis and by transport away from this surface through translocators, multidrug transporters, the same molecules that make cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. Our data suggest a role for newly synthesized glucosylceramide not only in the formation of domains in the luminal leaflet of the Golgi but also on the cytosolic surface of this organelle.     

A statistical approach designed for finding mathematically defined repeats in shotgun data and determining the length distribution of clone-inserts

The large amount of repeats, especially high copy repeats, in the genomes of higher animals and plants makes whole genome assembly (WGA) quite difficult. In order to solve this problem, we tried to identify repeats and mask them prior to assembly even at the stage of genome survey. It is known that repeats of different copy number have different probabilities of appearance in shotgun data, so based on this principle, we constructed a statistical model and inferred criteria for mathematically defined repeats (MDRs) at different shotgun coverages. According to these criteria, we developed software MDRmasker to identify and mask MDRs in shotgun data. With repeats masked prior to assembly, the speed of assembly was increased with lower error probability. In addition, clone-insert size affects the accuracy of repeat assembly and scaffold construction. We also designed length distribution of clone-inserts using our model. In our simulated genomes of human and rice, the length distribution of repeats is differ     

A new multidrug resistance protein at the blood-brain barrier

Porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCEC) cultured in serum-free and hydrocortisone supplemented medium are characterised by high transendothelial electrical resistances and low cell monolayer permeabilities for small solutes very similar to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. Differential screening of a subtracted cDNA library disclosed a 2.1-kb mRNA that is overexpressed in hydrocortisone treated PBCEC relative to untreated cells. The mRNA encodes a 656-aa member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters that we named brain multidrug resistance protein (BMDP). Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment showed that porcine BMDP is most related to the human and mouse breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Northern blot analysis revealed that BMDP is expressed in brain tissue in vivo and was predominantly localised within the endothelial cells isolated from brain capillaries. Thus, we identified a new transport protein at the BBB that might play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain.     

MDR1反义RNA降低细胞KB_(v200)的耐药性

由ＭＤＲ１基因过度表达所引起的肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的耐药性,是导致化疗失败的主要原因之一．针对ＭＤＲ１中一段包含转录启始位点、翻译启始位点和转录正调控区的序列,设计了反义ＲＮＡ并将其克隆到逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ上．用脂质体包裹载体导入ＭＤＲ１高表达的耐药细胞ＫＢｖ２００中,在反义ＲＮＡ转染的细胞中,ＭＤＲ１在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平的表达都有下降,细胞内药物的浓度有所提高,对长春新碱、阿霉素的耐药性分别下降了６５％和４７％．实验结果表明,反义ＲＮＡ对ＭＤＲ１的表达有抑制作用,从而使肿瘤细胞内的药物浓度升高,其耐药程度下降．     

竞争RT-PCR法定量检测多药耐药基因的表达

由MDR1过度表达所介导的多药耐药性存在于多种肿瘤组织中,是降低化疗效果的主要原因之一,其耐受化疗药物的程度与MDR1的表达量呈正相关.准确测定MDR1的表达量在临床化疗过程中有重要的指导意义.建立了竞争RT-PCR定量检测MDR1表达的方法.首先构建含MDR1 cDNA片段的质粒,其携带的cDNA和靶cDNA有相同的引物结合区,但和靶cDNA长度上有区别（少58 bp）.把该cDNA在体外转录出的cRNA作为竞争PCR的内参照,该cRNA与靶RNA在同一体系内进行反转录和PCR过程,二者的PCR产物因长度不同可经电泳区分开.分析电泳结果,由已知的cRNA内参的量可计算出靶RNA的量,从而得到MDR1基因的绝对表达量.该方法具有灵敏、可靠、准确等优点.     

Major contribution of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein to reduced susceptibility of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 knock-out cells to doxorubicin action

Inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of distinct DNA targeting agents including topoisomerase I inhibitors. On the other hand, the PARP-1 deficient cells exhibited resistance to conventional inhibitors of topoisomerase II such as etoposide or doxorubicin (DOX). Recently, we observed the extreme sensitivity of PARP-1 knock-out (KO) cells to C-1305, a new biologically active triazoloacridone compound. C-1305 permanently arrested the cells in G2-phase of the cell-cycle. These observations prompted us to investigate more thoroughly the susceptibility of PARP-1 KO cells to DOX and to examine the effect of DOX on the progression of cell-cycle. We determined the uptake of DOX and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in mouse cells and compared it with that in human myeloma 8226/Dox40 cells overexpressing P-gp. Exposure of mouse cells to DOX revealed a reduced drug uptake in cells lacking PARP-1. However, combined treatment with verapamil, a potent MDR modulator increased the DOX accumulation. Detailed immunoblotting experiments revealed an approximately threefold higher P-gp level in PARP-1 KO cells as compared with normal counterparts. Interestingly, DOX induced in normal fibroblasts very rapidly G2 arrest whereas in PARP-1 KO cells it blocked primarily the transition between S and G2 resulting in the increase of cells remaining in S-phase. This coincided with the lack of the site-specific phosphorylation of CDK2. Simultaneous inhibition of P-gp in cells lacking PARP-1 resulted in an accumulation of cells in G2. Exposure of mouse cells to high DOX dose activated significantly caspase-3/7 in PARP-1 KO cells.