Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?

Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model‐data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter‐model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water‐limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily–monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal–annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter‐model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.     

不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育的新成土壤有机碳库的影响

基于8年田间定位试验,采用土壤团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机质分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉黏粒(惰性碳库) 3个组分,探讨不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育而成的新成土壤总有机碳库及不同活性有机碳库的影响,为黑土严重侵蚀地区母质表露后土壤肥力的快速恢复提供依据。试验设置自然恢复(NatF)、苜蓿种植(Alfa)、无肥(F0C0)、化肥(F1C0)、低量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C1)、高量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2)等6个熟化处理。结果表明:黑土母质经过8年不同熟化处理后,土壤总有机碳和各组分有机碳含量均显著提高;与NatF相比,有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2和F1C1)对土壤总有机碳的提升作用最为明显,增幅分别为60.7%和41.2%;Alfa其次,增幅18. 2%;F0C0或F1C0处理土壤总有机碳与NatF间无显著差异;F1C2和F1C1处理土壤3个组分有机碳含量均显著高于其他熟化处理,与F1C1相比,F1C2处理对各组分有机碳提升作用更为明显;与NatF相比,Alfa处理土壤有机碳的增加主要表现为粉黏粒结合有机碳的增加;F1C0和F0C0处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉黏粒中有机碳与NatF间无显著差异,总粗颗粒有机质中有机碳含量低于NatF。研究表明,在米豆轮作和传统耕作体系下,农田生态系统高量有机物料投入配施化肥能够加速黑土母质的熟化进程,快速提高土壤中活性碳库和惰性碳库的容量,是严重退化黑土有机质快速提升的有效措施。     

特异性适应稻作系统的稗草种群生活史特性

长期进行除草剂药效试验可能会导致田间杂草种群发生适应性进化。本研究在安徽南陵县除草剂药效试验专用稻田中采集了1个稗草种群A,并以从常规稻田采集的3个稗草种群为对照,开展同质园栽培试验。结果表明: 与3个对照种群相比,A种群稗草植株的单株种子产量显著减少,种子千粒重显著增加,幼苗生长速率显著加快,结实分蘖数显著增多,生育期显著缩短;A种群稗草成株的株高、生物量及对除草剂五氟磺草胺的敏感性均显著降低。A种群稗草幼苗3～4叶期时经五氟磺草胺推荐剂量2倍量(有效成分60 g·hm^-2)处理后,其株高、生物量及成熟种子产量(平均每株1066粒)显著降低,而抽穗期、结实分蘖数、单个总状花序的种子数及种子千粒重无显著差异。因此,种子较重、生活史周期短、植株矮小、结实分蘖多及对除草剂五氟磺草胺具有抗药性,使得A种群稗草对稻作系统具有特异适应性,应防止此类种群扩散至常规稻田。     

葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对微生物生长的影响

目的探究葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对微生物生长的影响。方法在模拟胃肠液中分别加入消化液10%量的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、产气杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母,然后加入生药浓度为1 g/mL的葛根芩连汤水煎液,37℃恒温培养。分别在0、1、2和4 h吸取1 mL培养液做稀释平板计数。结果体外模拟肠液中,葛根芩连汤对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、产气杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉和青霉有较强的抑制作用,而对汉逊德巴利酵母的生长则为先促进后抑制,并且在2 h时对黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母的抑制效果最显著;在模拟胃液中,葛根芩连汤对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、黑曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母均有一定的抑制作用,而对产气杆菌无明显影响。结论葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母等均具有一定的抑制作用,在模拟肠液中对产气杆菌抑制作用明显,而在模拟胃液中对其抑制效果不明显。     

自然保护区管理中生态与娱乐属性的权衡:一个选择实验的应用

随着自然保护区多样化的发展以及旅游需求的日益增长,保护区管理者面临着保护生态环境与满足娱乐需求的双重压力,这使得保护区管理者需要更多的信息进行决策。以中国东北部的扎龙国家级自然保护区为例,进行了一项选择实验,选取生物多样性、预期游客数量、景区的环境教育设施、门票价格等4个属性,分别采用多项logit模型、随机参数logit模型和潜在分类模型,探究游客在可能存在冲突的管理优先级之间的偏好。目的是揭示游客如何评价保护区不同的管理属性,以及各属性的边际支付意愿和偏好,并根据这些信息制定有效的保护区管理指南。研究结果表明生物多样性是保护区游客最关注的属性,并且游客对于生态属性的关注度高于娱乐属性。因此,保护区管理者应首先维持并改善生物多样性及其生态环境,在不破坏生态环境的基础上开发具有环境教育作用的娱乐服务。此外,研究发现游客可分为生态友好型和价格敏感型两种类别,不同类型的群体对游览保护区存在不同偏好,女性和年轻的受访者对生态更友好,男性和年长的受访者对价格更敏感。本文的贡献是将某一方面属性价值的描述扩展到涵盖多个管理属性的研究,并为保护区管理中生态与娱乐的权衡问题提供了更具体的见解。     

Impacts of soil temperature,phenology and plant community composition on invertebrate herbivory in a natural warming experiment

Species and community-level responses to warming are well documented, with plants and invertebrates known to alter their range, phenology or composition as temperature increases. The effects of warming on biotic interactions are less clearly understood, but can have consequences that cascade through ecological networks. Here, we used a natural soil temperature gradient of 5–35°C in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, to investigate the effects of temperature on plant community composition and plant–invertebrate interactions. We quantified the level of invertebrate herbivory on the plant community across the temperature gradient and the interactive effects of temperature, plant phenology (i.e. development stage) and vegetation community composition on the probability of herbivory for three ubiquitous plant species, Cardamine pratensis, Cerastium fontanum and Viola palustris. We found that the percentage cover of graminoids and forbs increased, while the amount of litter decreased, with increasing soil temperature. Invertebrate herbivory also increased with soil temperature at the plant community level, but this was underpinned by different effects of temperature on herbivory for individual plant species, mediated by the seasonal development of plants and the composition of the surrounding vegetation. This illustrates the importance of considering the development stage of organisms in climate change research given the variable effects of temperature on susceptibility to herbivory at different ontogenetic stages.     

慕课背景下“微生物工程”实验课开放式教学模式探索

慕课等线上学习平台是教育信息化的结果,结合慕课对传统教学进行突破是近年来教学改革的热点之一。"微生物工程"课程是高等院校生物技术、生物工程专业的必修课,该课程具有很强的应用性和实践性。为了加深学生对理论知识的理解、培养学生的科研思维,我们在微生物工程实验课的教学中引入了一种基于慕课教学资源的开放式教学模式。结果表明,这种慕课背景下的开放式教学在提升学生学习兴趣、锻炼学生创造性思维、增强学生科研素养、培养学生团队协作能力等方面都具有很好的效果。     

克氏原螯虾嗜水气单胞菌噬菌体的分离鉴定和应用

为分离获得致病性嗜水气单胞菌烈性噬菌体, 鉴定和研究其生物学特性, 为克氏原螯虾细菌性疾病的防治和治疗提供依据, 研究以患病克氏原螯虾分离到的致病性嗜水气单胞菌为宿主菌, 从湖泊水体中分离到多株噬菌体, 对其中一株烈性噬菌体Ph-0进行了生物学特性的分析, 包括噬菌斑形态的观察, 最佳感染复数的测定, 一步生长曲线的绘制, 热稳定性的测定等。结果显示, 噬菌体Ph-0的噬菌斑呈圆形, 边缘可见1 mm左右的半透明晕环; 其最佳感染复数为0.1 MOI; 一步生长曲线表明其潜伏期约20min, 裂解期持续约70min, 90min后为平台期; 噬菌体在0—40℃下活性无明显变化, 但是当温度高于50℃活性开始下降; 在pH 3—11的环境中活性良好, 具有耐酸耐碱的性质; 此外对紫外和氯仿极其敏感, 在处理数分钟后滴度下降明显。噬菌体治疗人工感染嗜水气单胞菌的克氏原螯虾试验结果表明, 分别采用注射和浸泡两种方法进行治疗, 保护率可分别达到66%和20%, 病理切片结果显示在使用噬菌体治疗之后, 克氏原螯虾的鳃、心脏和肝胰腺均得到不同效果的治疗, 总体效果良好。上述研究结果表明噬菌体Ph-0是一株裂解性较强, 裂解周期短的烈性噬菌体, 对感染嗜水气单胞菌的克氏原螯虾有一定的保护效果。     

非人灵长类声音通讯的研究进展

声音通讯是非人灵长类研究一个重要的研究领域,有助于了解非人灵长类的社会行为、个体关系、行为进化和社会演化等,甚至对探究人类语言起源和进化等方面也具有十分重要的意义。本文通过对非人灵长类声音通讯的研究内容、影响因素和研究方法等进行了梳理,探讨非人灵长类声音通讯研究的前景和展望,旨在进一步推动国内非人灵长类声音通讯研究的深入,同时为相关研究提供借鉴和参考。