不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育的新成土壤有机碳库的影响

基于8年田间定位试验,采用土壤团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机质分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉黏粒(惰性碳库) 3个组分,探讨不同熟化措施对黑土母质发育而成的新成土壤总有机碳库及不同活性有机碳库的影响,为黑土严重侵蚀地区母质表露后土壤肥力的快速恢复提供依据。试验设置自然恢复(NatF)、苜蓿种植(Alfa)、无肥(F0C0)、化肥(F1C0)、低量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C1)、高量有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2)等6个熟化处理。结果表明:黑土母质经过8年不同熟化处理后,土壤总有机碳和各组分有机碳含量均显著提高;与NatF相比,有机肥与化肥配施(F1C2和F1C1)对土壤总有机碳的提升作用最为明显,增幅分别为60.7%和41.2%;Alfa其次,增幅18. 2%; F0C0或F1C0处理土壤总有机碳与NatF间无显著差异; F1C2和F1C1处理土壤3个组分有机碳含量均显著高于其他熟化处理,与F1C1相比,F1C2处理对各组分有机碳提升作用更为明显;与NatF相比,Alfa处理土壤有机碳的增加主要表现为粉黏粒结合有机碳的增加; F1C0和F0C0处理土壤总细颗粒有机质和总粉黏粒中有机碳与NatF间无显著差异,总粗颗粒有机质中有机碳含量低于Nat F。研究表明,在米豆轮作和传统耕作体系下,农田生态系统高量有机物料投入配施化肥能够加速黑土母质的熟化进程,快速提高土壤中活性碳库和惰性碳库的容量,是严重退化黑土有机质快速提升的有效措施。     

长期施肥对东北黑土不同活性有机碳库的影响

试验采用团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,将土壤有机碳分为总粗颗粒有机质(活性碳库)、总细颗粒有机质(慢性碳库)和总粉粘粒(惰性碳库)等组分,研究长期施肥对东北黑土不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果显示,与不施肥相比,19年连续单独施用化肥没有影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤总体的团聚化效果;化肥和有机肥配施则显著提高了土壤团聚化程度,增加了有机碳含量和储量,增幅分别为36%和18%。粉粘粒结合有机碳占土壤总有机碳的50%~70%,其作为惰性碳库是黑土有机碳的重要组成部分。与无肥相比,单施化肥没有影响不同活性有机碳库含量及土壤有机碳库的稳定性;有机无机配施没有改变土壤中粉粘粒结合有机碳含量,但显著提高了总粗颗粒有机质和总细颗粒有机质中有机碳含量,降低了土壤有机碳库的稳定性。有机无机配施土壤中活性有机碳的增加,一方面有利于提高农田黑土生产力,另一方面又会加剧温室效应。因此,在保证作物产量的同时,尽量减少CO_2排放,确定适宜的有机肥施用量,是解决黑土区农业生产和环境保护矛盾的重要途径。     

黑土团聚体结合碳对不同有机肥施用量的响应

以连续11年化肥配施不同剂量有机肥的黑土为研究对象,采用团聚体分组与闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,研究土壤团聚体及其内部组分有机碳对不同有机肥施用量的响应,以期从团聚体尺度揭示黑土有机碳的物理稳定性机制。试验设置4个处理:OM0,仅施化肥;OM1,低量有机肥(7.5 Mg hm~(-2) a~(-1))+化肥;OM2,中量有机肥(15 Mg hm~(-2) a~(-1))+化肥;OM3,高量有机肥(22.5 Mg hm~(-2) a~(-1))+化肥,各处理化肥用量相同。结果显示,与单施化肥相比,有机培肥处理土壤有机碳水平均有显著提升,低量、中量和高量有机肥处理分别提高了7.1%、12.4%和15.7%。有机培肥促进了土壤的团聚化作用,随着有机肥施用量的增加,250—2000μm团聚体含量增加,粉粘粒含量降低,土壤团聚体的稳定性增强,但与中量有机肥相比,高量有机肥输入对土壤团聚化的作用并不明显。有机培肥加速了土壤大团聚体的周转,大团聚体周转速率随着有机肥施用量的增加而加快。有机肥输入并未影响粉黏粒结合有机碳浓度,表明在无有机肥投入的传统管理措施下,黑土粉黏粒已接近或达到碳饱和水平。随着有机肥输入的增加,微团聚体有机碳小幅增加,大团聚体有机碳增加趋势明显,而当有机肥用量最大时,微团聚体有机碳无显著变化,仅大团聚体有机碳仍继续增加,表明高量有机肥投入下微团聚体有机碳库已达到饱和,而更多的新增碳流向大团聚体。对大团聚体内部组分解析发现,高量有机肥处理下大团聚体有机碳的增加主要归因于粗颗粒有机质的增加。这些结果表明,黑土团聚体对有机碳的固持存在由小到大的等级饱和机制,随着有机肥输入的增加,粉粘粒最先达到饱和,然后是微团聚体,而更多的新增碳向周转不断加速的大团聚体富集,固持在活性相对较强的有机碳库—粗颗粒有机质之中。     

长期不同施肥下褐土有机碳储量及活性碳组分

依托辽宁阜新褐土田间施肥定位试验,针对不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥-化肥配施(NPKM)4种不同施肥处理,分析0~20 cm耕层土壤总有机碳(TOC)及关键活性碳组分,旨在为区域土壤合理培肥和农业可持续管理提供科学依据。结果表明:在4种施肥处理中,NPKM处理的土壤总有机碳含量及其储量、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和易氧化有机碳(LOC)含量均比其他3种处理高,较对照分别提高40.5%、38.6%、114.7%、57.5%、103.8%和97.6%,且含有机肥的处理土壤微生物生物量碳明显高于不含有机肥的处理。相关性分析表明,TOC、MBC、DOC、POC以及LOC间呈正显著相关性(P0.05),各组分碳间关系密切。在本试验条件下,长期进行有机肥与化肥配施,对于提升土壤有机碳水平的效果最为显著,是提高土壤肥力最优施肥模式。土壤活性碳组分对施肥措施响应敏感,可以作为土壤总碳水平变化的预警指标。     

长期施肥条件下黑土有机碳、氮组分的分配与富集特征

研究不同管理措施下黑土有机碳、氮组分的变化特征是深刻认识和理解黑土固碳的基础.本文以黑龙江省农业科学院31年的长期定位试验为基础,采用物理分组法对土壤不同粒径颗粒进行分离,分析6种不同施肥处理31年后,黑土表层(0～20 cm)及亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤有机碳、氮在粗砂粒、细砂粒、粉粒及黏粒中的分配与富集特征.结果表明： 长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮在粗砂粒和黏粒中的分配比例.在表层土壤,有机无机配施（NPKM）处理下粗砂粒有机碳和全氮的分配比例比对照分别提高191.3%和179.3%,单施有机肥（M）处理下黏粒组分的有机碳和全氮的分配比例分别提高45%和47%.亚表层土壤施用有机肥处理各粒级有机碳、氮含量的提高比例低于表层土壤.在表层和亚表层的粉粒组分中,贮存的有机碳占总储量的42%～63%和48%～54%,全氮占总储量的34%～59%和41%～47%.表层土壤施用有机肥可显著增加粗砂粒中有机碳、氮的富集系数,其中有机肥配施化肥（NPKM）处理富集系数最高（2.30和1.88）,而黏粒组分的有机碳、氮富集系数对长期施肥无响应.
     

黑土母质熟化过程微生物群落碳源代谢特征

东北黑土区由于表土丧失,母质裸露等问题,严重威胁粮食生产和生态环境,通过揭示母质肥力形成过程中微生物群落的碳源利用特征可以让人们更好的理解肥力形成过程中相关微生物过程。以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验为材料,研究母质不同熟化过程下微生物群落碳源代谢特征,结果表明:苜蓿草熟化过程(PAfl)、农田化肥配施有机物熟化过程(PCS+F+OM)可培养微生物数量最多。自然熟化过程(PNat)、苜蓿草熟化过程、农田化肥农产品全循环熟化过程(PCS+F+BM)、农田化肥加有机肥配合型熟化过程可以将微生物活性提高到常规农田黑土的水平。不同熟化过程下微生物群落对单个碳源的利用不同。主成分分析表明自然熟化过程、农田化肥投入熟化过程(PCS+F)、农田化肥农产品全循环熟化过程、农田化肥加有机肥配合型熟化过程与常规农田黑土微生物代谢特征类似。研究表明不同母质熟化过程通过影响微生物群落结构导致对各个碳源的利用发生变化,最终改变了整体碳源代谢特征。     

长期施肥对栗褐土活性有机碳的影响

以25年长期定位施肥试验为依托,研究了不同施肥处理对栗褐土活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,长期施用不同肥料不同程度地提高了栗褐土水溶性碳、轻组有机碳的含量,其中,有机肥与氮磷肥配施(M1NP、M2NP)水溶性有机碳含量增加明显,较对照分别增加了93%和99%,高量有机肥与化肥配施(M2N、M2NP)对轻组有机碳含量的影响大,分别比对照高240%和360%。单施化肥和单施有机肥土壤易氧化有机碳含量无显著变化,而有机肥与化肥配施则显著提高。单施有机肥土壤水溶性有机碳所占比例呈上升趋势,其他处理则有所下降。单施氮肥轻组有机碳的分配比例明显降低,高量有机肥与化肥配施则明显提高。单施化肥易氧化有机碳所占比例显著下降。单施化肥栗褐土碳库管理指数有下降趋势,单施有机肥及有机肥与化肥配施有利于提高碳库管理指数,高量有机肥与化肥配合施用的效果更佳,比对照分别高145%和180%。相关分析表明,长期施肥条件下栗褐土水溶性、轻组、易氧化有机碳含量之间及其与总有机碳含量之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。     

长期定位施肥下黑土碳排放特征及其碳库组分与酶活性变化

黑土作为承担我国粮食安全与生态安全的重要土壤资源,其碳排放特征与碳库组分变化一直是生态学领域研究的热点。施肥是影响黑土有机碳输入、输出的重要因素,而这需要长时间尺度的探究。为明确长期不同施肥下的土壤碳排放特征及其影响机制,以始于1990年的国家土壤肥力与肥料效益监测网站黑土监测基地-公主岭为研究平台,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、无机肥配施低量有机肥(NPKM1)、1.5倍的无机肥配施低量有机肥(1.5(NPKM1))、无机肥配施高量有机肥(NPKM2)和无机肥配施秸秆(NPKS)6个处理,探讨了长期不同施肥下土壤碳排放量(CO2-C)与土壤碳库组分包括水溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)及其β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、木聚糖酶(BXYL)、纤维素酶(CBH)和乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶(NAG)等酶活性变化。结果表明:与CK相比,各施肥处理均可以显著增加黑土土壤碳排放量(P0.05),其中,NPK处理土壤碳排放量约为2633.33 kg/hm~2,显著高出CK处理37.36%;长期有机无机配施(NPKM1、1.5(NPKM1)、NPKM2)显著增加土壤碳排放量71.81%—88.51%,效果最为明显;NPKS显著增加土壤碳排放量56.32%,并且三种长期有机无机配施措施碳排放差异不显著。相对CK处理,有机无机配施的DOC、MBC、POC、ROC均有显著增加(P0.05),各指标分别高出CK处理16.07%—56.34%、128.84%—185.77%、284.15%—497.45%和841.03%—1145.94%,其中1.5(NPKM1)处理效果最好。同时,有机无机配施相对CK处理的NAG、BG、BXYL和CBH活性分别提高了313.22%—452.65%、129.45%—250.74%、159.08%—273.32%和72.21%—193.53%,且以1.5(NPKM1)处理的效果最好。土壤碳排放量与土壤酶活性、土壤活性碳库组分之间的相关性分析结果表明,长期不同施肥措施的土壤碳排放量不但与土壤ROC、DOC、POC、MBC含量呈极显著相关(P0.001),也与土壤BG、NAG、CBH、BXYL酶活性呈极显著相关(P0.001),说明施肥可以通过改变土壤各活性碳库组分含量与土壤微生物活性影响土壤碳排放量。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层(0～20 cm)土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮的影响.施肥处理包括化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）、全部施用有机肥(OM)、一半有机肥+化肥NPK(1/2OMN)及不施肥(CK)共7个处理.结果表明：各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮含量,提高土壤颗粒有机碳和氮分配比例及颗粒有机质C/N.施肥处理颗粒有机碳和氮储量较不施肥处理分别增加11.7%～196.8%和13.0%～152.2%,土壤颗粒有机碳对总有机碳储量增加的贡献率为31.5%～67.3%,土壤颗粒有机氮对全氮储量增加的贡献率为14.3%～100.0%;矿质结合有机碳和氮储量较不施肥处理分别增加2.0%～75.0%和0.0%～69.8%.各处理颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮储量均以OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理,而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好.说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤颗粒有机碳和氮及矿质结合有机碳和氮的关键.     

白土活性有机碳组分对不同施肥措施的响应

通过4年大田定位试验,研究不同施肥措施(单施化肥,化肥+畜禽粪肥,化肥+秸秆还田,化肥+绿肥)对白土区稻田土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳、易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳等活性有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:相对于单施化肥,增施有机肥能显著提高总有机碳和各组分活性有机碳含量,其中秸秆还田处理的总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量均最高,增加幅度分别为19.6%、67.4%和15.7%;增施畜禽粪肥处理的水溶性有机碳含量最高,增幅为60.9%;不同施肥措施对易氧化有机碳占总有机碳比例的影响高于水溶性有机碳和颗粒有机碳;秸秆还田等有机培肥措施显著提高土壤碳库指数,较对照提高17.6%~85.2%。相关性分析表明:总有机碳、碳库管理指数与各组分活性有机碳间均表现出显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.691~0.824和0.593~0.803;不同有机碳组分和碳库管理指数与碱解氮和速效钾之间呈显著或极显著相关,与速效磷间仅水溶性有机碳表现出极显著正相关,相关系数为0.816。可见,白土稻田上增施有机肥能不同程度地提高总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,相对于易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳,水溶性有机碳对白土稻田施肥措施的反应更为敏感。     

Carbon sequestration potential in perennial bioenergy crops: the importance of organic matter inputs and its physical protection

To date, only few studies have compared the soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential between perennial woody and herbaceous crops. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of perennial woody (poplar, black locust, willow) and herbaceous (giant reed, miscanthus, switchgrass) crops on SOC stock and its stabilization level after 6 years from plantation on an arable field. Seven SOC fractions related to different soil stabilization mechanisms were isolated by a combination of physical and chemical fractionation methods: unprotected (cPOM and fPOM), physically protected (iPOM), physically and chemically protected (HC‐μs + c), chemically protected (HC‐ds + c), and biochemically protected (NHC‐ds + c and NHC‐μs + c). The continuous C input to the soil and the minimal soil disturbance increased SOC stocks in the top 10 cm of soil, but not in deeper soil layers (10–30; 30–60; and 60–100 cm). In the top soil layer, greater SOC accumulation rates were observed under woody species (105 g m^?2 yr^‐1) than under herbaceous ones (71 g m^?2 yr^‐1) presumably due to a higher C input from leaf‐litter. The conversion from an arable maize monoculture to perennial bioenergy crops increased the organic C associated to the most labile organic matter (POM) fractions, which accounted for 38% of the total SOC stock across bioenergy crops, while no significant increments were observed in more recalcitrant (silt‐ and clay‐sized) fractions, highlighting that the POM fractions were the most prone to land‐use change. The iPOM fraction increased under all perennial bioenergy species compared to the arable field. In addition, the iPOM was higher under woody crops than under herbaceous ones because of the additional C inputs from leaf‐litter that occurred in the former. Conversion from arable cropping systems to perennial bioenergy crops can effectively increase the SOC stock and enlarge the SOC fraction that is physically protected within soil microaggregates.     

不同施肥下中国旱地土壤有机碳变化特征——基于定位试验数据的Meta分析

搜集1994—2011年国内外有关中国旱地施肥处理的102个定位试验点的1146对田间试验数据,采用Meta-analysis方法定量分析了不同施肥条件下我国旱地耕层土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)的变化特征。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,不同施肥措施均能显著提高耕层SOC含量,但不同施肥措施的效应不同。氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理下SOC增速最大,为0.38 g kg-1a-1,单施磷肥处理增速最小,SOC增速仅为0.032 g kg-1a-1;添加有机肥的处理SOC增速远大于仅有无机化肥投入的施肥处理。不同施肥处理下SOC增速存在一定的空间分异特征且不同时期试验SOC相对变化速率也不相同,早期试验中SOC增速大于中、后期试验;不同种植制度对SOC变化速率的影响亦不同,有机肥的投入可以降低种植制度对SOC变化的影响。SOC积累与否及其幅度并不完全取决于初始SOC含量;随试验年限的增加,SOC增加速率呈降低趋势,仅采用短期试验(11 a)数据可能高估施肥措施下的固碳潜力。     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响

以位于西南大学的农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站始于1990年的长期定位试验田为对象,研究了冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)及垄作翻耕(LF)等4种耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳(SOC)和微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响。结果表明,4种耕作方式下SOC和SMBC均呈现出在土壤剖面垂直递减趋势,翻耕栽培下其降低较均匀,而免耕栽培下其富集在表层土壤中。同一土层不同耕作方式间SOC和SMBC的差异在表层最大,随着土壤深度的增加,各处理之间的差异逐渐减小。在0—60 cm剖面中,SOC含量依次为:LM(17.6 g/kg)>DP(13.9 g/kg)>LF(12.5 g/kg)>SH(11.3 g/kg),SOC储量也依次为:LM(158.52 Mg C/hm2)>DP(106.74 Mg C/hm2)>LF(93.11 Mg C/hm2)>SH(88.59 Mg C/hm2),而SMBC含量则依次为:LM(259 mg/kg)>SH(213 mg/kg)>LF(160 mg/kg)>DP(144 mg/kg)。与其它3种耕作方式比较,LM处理显著提高SOC含量和储量以及SMBC含量。对土壤微生物商(SMBC/SOC)进行分析发现,耕作方式对SOC和SMBC的影响程度并不一致。SMBC与SOC、全氮、全磷、全硫、碱解氮、有效磷均呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01),与有效硫呈显著正相关(P<0.05);表明SMBC可以作为表征紫色水稻土土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

Effects of Conservation Tillage on Topsoil Microbial Metabolic Characteristics and Organic Carbon within Aggregates under a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) –Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System in Central China

Investigating microbial metabolic characteristics and soil organic carbon (SOC) within aggregates and their relationships under conservation tillage may be useful in revealing the mechanism of SOC sequestration in conservation tillage systems. However, limited studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between SOC and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregate fractions under conservation tillage. We hypothesized that close relationships can exist between SOC and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregates under conservation tillage. In this study, a field experiment was conducted from June 2011 to June 2013 following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices [conventional intensive tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)] as main plots and straw returning methods [preceding crop residue returning (S, 2100−2500 kg C ha⁻¹) and removal (NS, 0 kg C ha^-1)] as subplots with three replications. The objective of this study was to reveal the effects of tillage practices and residue-returning methods on topsoil microbial metabolic characteristics and organic carbon (SOC) fractions within aggregates and their relationships under a rice–wheat cropping system in central China. Microbial metabolic characteristics investigated using the Biolog system was examined within two aggregate fractions (>0.25 and <0.25 mm). NT treatments significantly increased SOC concentration of bulk soil, >0.25 aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer by 5.8%, 6.8% and 7.9% relative to CT treatments, respectively. S treatments had higher SOC concentration of bulk soil (12.9%), >0.25 mm aggregate (11.3%), and <0.25 mm aggregate (14.1%) than NS treatments. Compared with CT treatments, NT treatments increased MBC by 11.2%, 11.5%, and 20%, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1% of bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer, respectively. Compared with NS treatments, S treatments significantly increased MBC by 29.8%, 30.2%, and 24.1%, and DOC concentration by 23.2%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer, respectively. Conservation tillage (NT and S) increased microbial metabolic activities and Shannon index in >0.25 and <0.25 mm aggregates in the 0−5 cm soil layer. Redundancy analysis showed that the SOC and its fractions (DOC and MBC) were closely correlated with microbial metabolic activities. Structural equation modelling showed that the increase in microbial metabolic activities directly improved SOC by promoting DOC in >0.25 mm aggregate in the upper (0−5 cm) soil layer under conservation tillage systems, as well as directly and indirectly by promoting DOC and MBC in <0.25 mm aggregate. Our results suggested that conservation tillage increased SOC in aggregates in the topsoil by improving microbial metabolic activities.     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特

研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明： 施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02～21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41～0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48 g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61～48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.     

土壤有机碳和微生物群落结构对多年不同耕作方式与秸秆还田的响应

土壤有机碳对维持陆地生态系统功能和缓解土壤退化问题至关重要,土壤微生物参与土壤有机碳的循环过程,而耕作方式与秸秆还田影响土壤有机碳和微生物群落.本试验采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设深松(ST)和旋耕(RT)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(F)和秸秆不还田(0)处理,采用Illumina测序技术测定土壤微生物群落结构和固碳功能基因,并测定了2012—2017试验年间土壤有机碳含量.结果表明: 1)深松耕作和秸秆还田均显著提高了pH、微生物生物量碳、总氮、粉粒含量、黏粒含量,而显著降低了砂粒含量; 2)试验年间各处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量均呈增加趋势,但与旋耕耕作和秸秆不还田处理相比,深松耕作和秸秆还田处理的平均有机碳增量分别显著提高30.6%和33.2%; 3)土壤中最丰富的细菌类型为变形菌门,其次为酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门; 4)深松秸秆还田处理(STF)具有较高的微生物多样性; 5)除砂粒含量外,土壤pH、微生物生物量碳、总氮、粉粒和黏粒含量均促使深松秸秆全还田处理下的微生物群落结构向着有利于有机碳积累的方向发生变异; 6)除二糖和寡糖代谢途径外,CO₂固定、发酵、主要碳水化合物代谢、一碳代谢、糖醇、有机酸、糖苷水解酶类的代谢功能基因丰度均表现为深松耕作显著高于旋耕,且均与土壤有机碳呈正相关关系.因此,深松结合秸秆还田能够改善土壤基本性质与土壤微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和解决土壤退化问题.     

Long term fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas

An understanding of the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) as affected by farming practices is imperative for maintaining soil productivity and mitigating global warming. Results of a long-term (32 years) experiment in the Indian Himalayas under rainfed soybean (Glycine max L.)- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation was analyzed to determine the effects of mineral fertilizer and farmyard manure (FYM) application at 10 Mg?ha^-1 on SOC stocks and depth distribution of the labile and recalcitrant pools of SOC. Results indicate all treatments increased SOC contents over the control. The annual application of NPK significantly (P?<?0.05) enhanced total SOC, oxidizable soil organic C and its fractions over the control plots. The increase in these SOC fractions was greater with the NPK + FYM treatment. Nearly 16% (mean of all treatments) of the estimated added C was stabilized into SOC both in the labile and recalcitrant pools, preferentially in the 0?C30 cm soil layer. However, the labile:recalcitrant SOC ratios of applied C stabilized was largest in the 15?C30 cm soil layer. About 62% of total SOC was present in the labile pool. Plots under the N + FYM and NPK + FYM treatments contained a larger proportion of total SOC in the recalcitrant pool than the plots with mineral or no fertilizer, indicating that FYM application promoted SOC stabilization.     

长期施肥对双季稻种植下土壤有机碳库和固碳量的影响

研究了长期施用化肥和猪粪(PM)、稻草(RS)对双季稻集约化种植下30年期间(1981-2010年)土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响.结果表明：化肥平衡施用处理(NPK)的SOC、颗粒有机C(POC)和KMnO₄氧化C(KMnO₄C)组分高于化肥非平衡施用处理(NP和NK);猪粪、稻草与化肥(NK+PM、NP+RS和NPK+RS)长期配合施用处理的SOC、POC和KMnO₄ C组分显著增加.连续种植30年60季水稻后,猪粪与NK配施处理0～45 cm土层的SOC(84.71 t C·hm^-2)、POC(8.94 t C·hm^-2)和KMnO₄ C(21.09 t C·hm^-2)数量最高,其次是NPK+RS处理;NK+PM处理(485 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1)的固C量最高,其次是NPK+RS处理(375 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1).化肥与猪粪、稻草配施处理SOC的固C效率(CSE)明显高于单施化肥处理;施肥处理POC的固C效率(0.4%～1.2%)低于KMnO₄C(3.0%～8.3%).采用腐殖化常数值(h)和Jenkinson方程的衰减常数(k)可以预测不同处理2010年的SOC储量,通过Jenkinson方程可以计算维持1981年的SOC储量水平所需要的C投入量(A_E).双季稻种植下,长期连续施用NK+PM、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的SOC含量增加是由于年C输入量高于A_E所致.在南方亚热带双季稻种植区,化肥与猪粪、稻草长期配施将促进水稻土有机碳的固定.     

Mechanisms of soil carbon accrual and storage in bioenergy cropping systems

Annual row cropping systems converted to perennial bioenergy crops tend to accrue soil C, likely a function of increased root production and decreased frequency of tillage; however, very little is known about the mechanisms governing the accrual and stability of this additional soil C. To address this uncertainty, we assessed the formation and stability of aggregates and soil organic C (SOC) pools under switchgrass, giant miscanthus, a native perennial grass mix and continuous corn treatments in Michigan and Wisconsin soils differing in both texture and mineralogy. We isolated different aggregate size fractions, >2 mm, 0.5–2 mm, and <0.5 mm, using a procedure intended to minimize alterations to aggregate biological and chemical properties. We determined SOC, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and microbial activities (i.e. enzyme activities and soil respiration rates) associated with these aggregates. Soil type strongly influenced the trajectory of aggregate formation and stabilization with differences between sites in mean aggregate size, stability, SOC and microbial activity under perennial vs. corn cropping systems. At the Michigan site, soil microbial activities were highest in the >2 mm aggregates, and higher under the perennial grasses compared to corn. Contrastingly, in Wisconsin soils, microbial activities were highest in the <0.5 mm aggregates and evidence for soil C accrual under perennial grasses was observed only in a fast turnover pool in the <0.5 mm aggregate class. Our results help explain cross‐site variability in soil C accrual under perennial bioenergy crops by demonstrating how interactions between belowground productivity, soil type, aggregation processes and microbial communities influence the rates and extent of SOC stabilization. Bioenergy cropping systems have the potential to be low‐C energy sources but first we must understand the complex interactions controlling the formation and stabilization of SOC if we are to maximize soil C accrual.     

Distribution of soil carbon and microbial biomass in arable soils under different tillage regimes

We have measured total soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial lipid contents (as indices of microbial biomass and community structure), and their distributions to 60 cm depth in soils from replicated medium-term (2003?C2008) experimental arable plots subject to different tillage regimes in Scotland. The treatments were zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT; cultivation to 7 cm), the conventional tillage (CT) practice of ploughing to 20 cm, and deep ploughing (DP) to 40 cm depth. In the 0?C30 cm depth range, SOC content (corrected for bulk density differences between tillage treatments) was greatest under ZT and MT, but over 0?C60 cm depth the SOC contents of these treatments were similar to the CT and DP treatments. DOC concentrations declined with increasing depth in ZT and MT above 20 cm, but there were no significant differences with depth in the CT and DP treatments. Beneath 20 cm, there was little change in DOC concentration with depth for all treatments, although for the MT treatment, there was less DOC beneath the depth of cultivation. The total microbial biomass decreased with increasing depth over the 0?C60 cm range in the ZT and MT treatments, whereas it decreased with depth only below 30?C40 cm in the CT and DP treatments. The microbial biomass was significantly different only between 0?C5 cm in the ZT, CT and DP treatments, but not for other depths between all treatments. The bacterial biomass was greater in the ZT treatment than in MT, CT and DP near the soil surface, but not significantly different over the whole profile (0?C60 cm). The fungal biomass decreased with depth in the ZT and MT treatments over the whole 0?C60 cm depth range, whereas it decreased with depth only below 20 cm in the CT and DP treatments.