Metagenomic insights into strategies of carbon conservation and unusual sulfur biogeochemistry in a hypersaline Antarctic lake

Organic Lake is a shallow, marine-derived hypersaline lake in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica that has the highest reported concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in a natural body of water. To determine the composition and functional potential of the microbial community and learn about the unusual sulfur chemistry in Organic Lake, shotgun metagenomics was performed on size-fractionated samples collected along a depth profile. Eucaryal phytoflagellates were the main photosynthetic organisms. Bacteria were dominated by the globally distributed heterotrophic taxa Marinobacter, Roseovarius and Psychroflexus. The dominance of heterotrophic degradation, coupled with low fixation potential, indicates possible net carbon loss. However, abundant marker genes for aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy, sulfur oxidation, rhodopsins and CO oxidation were also linked to the dominant heterotrophic bacteria, and indicate the use of photo- and lithoheterotrophy as mechanisms for conserving organic carbon. Similarly, a high genetic potential for the recycling of nitrogen compounds likely functions to retain fixed nitrogen in the lake. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase genes were abundant, indicating that DMSP is a significant carbon and energy source. Unlike marine environments, DMSP demethylases were less abundant, indicating that DMSP cleavage is the likely source of high DMS concentration. DMSP cleavage, carbon mixotrophy (photoheterotrophy and lithoheterotrophy) and nitrogen remineralization by dominant Organic Lake bacteria are potentially important adaptations to nutrient constraints. In particular, carbon mixotrophy relieves the extent of carbon oxidation for energy production, allowing more carbon to be used for biosynthetic processes. The study sheds light on how the microbial community has adapted to this unique Antarctic lake environment.     

Reproducing Authigenic Carbonate Precipitation in the Hypersaline Lake Acıgöl (Turkey) with Microbial Cultures

In the present study, laboratory precipitation experiments using similar water chemistry and two different bacterial cultures from Lake Ac?göl sediments, a hypersaline lake in Turkey, were performed to reproduce mineral assemblages similar to those found in the lake. Two different bacterial cultures induce various calcium/magnesium carbonates precipitation under all the experimental conditions (solid vs. liquid): Hydromagnesite, dypingite, huntite, monohydrocalcite, and aragonite. The geochemical program PHREEQC was used to calculate the mineral saturation indexes in the cultures and in lake water. Carbonate mineral assemblages identified in the experiments seem to be independent of the type of microorganisms but rather controlled by the chemical composition and physical conditions of the media. The relative amounts of monohydrocalcite, hydromagnesite, and dypingite are controlled by varying sulfate concentration from 0 to 56 mM. This demonstrates a kinetic effect that could similarly affect the mineral assemblage in the lake. Also the spherical morphology of hydromagnesite points to growth of these minerals under partial inhibition in the brine under high concentrations of ions and organic polymers produced by the microbial communities. As reproduced by the culture experiments, the authigenic carbonate mineral assemblage of Lake Ac?göl most likely results from interplay of ionic composition of the brine and microbial effects.     

上海滴水湖两种枝角类牧食对浮游植物群落影响的模拟研究

于2012年9月通过浮游动物添加实验,研究了大型溞(Daphnia magna)和隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)对上海滴水湖浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,实验组氨氮和可溶性活性磷浓度与空白组相比显著增加,大型溞组浮游植物密度较空白组降低了70.3％,隆腺溞组浮游植物密度较空白组降低了80.0％,叶绿素a浓度分别下降了80.4％和75.2％,叶绿素a与氨氮、可溶性活性磷呈显著相关性.浮游植物的群落结构较空白组也发生较大变化,硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻密度比例明显降低,隐藻、裸藻和甲藻在实验结束时没有检出,说明大型溞和隆线溞能有效控制水体中浮游植物密度,并能够对浮游植物群落结构产生影响.同时,附着藻类密度较空白组也有明显减少,说明大型溞和隆线溞对附着藻类也有一定的牧食作用.     

An indicator framework for assessing the technology aspect of Integrated Lake Basin Management for Lake Malawi Basin

Lake Malawi is one of the African Great Lakes and is well known for its fish biodiversity which is the greatest in the world for freshwaters. The lake basin is a valuable resource to the riparian countries. Activities associated with the derivation of the values offered by the lake basin, however, result in the generation of wastes and pollutants that also impact on the lake basin. Such anthropogenic activities within the lake basin place considerable strain on the lake system and may lead to the degradation of the lake basin. Proper application of technology can effectively supplement command-and-control measures and economic instruments for better lake basin management. Currently, no comprehensive framework exists to assess the management of the lake basin. Such a framework is necessary to guide managers and policy-makers in the formulation of management plans and strategies for the sustainable management and utilization of the lake basin. We propose an indicator framework for assessing the technology aspect of Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) in the context of the Lake Malawi Basin. We further demonstrate applicability of the proposed framework through a study conducted in the Malawian side of the basin. We applied a five point Likert-type scale in our indicator assessment. Overall, our results show that the technology aspect of the management of the lake basin is weak to moderate. This threatens the sustainability of the lake especially in the areas of solid waste management, sanitation services, pollution control and protection of wetlands and lagoons which performed from very low to moderate. The major challenges are weak institutional capacity, weak regulation enforcement, and insufficient resources.     

鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构特征

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖,具有"丰水为湖,枯水为河"的独特特点。为探讨鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构及其时空分布的特征,于2009年全年采集其不同季节、不同水位期的浮游甲壳动物样品进行定量分析。结果显示,鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构总体与河流浮游甲壳群落具有相似性。无节幼体、象鼻溞、剑水蚤等河流优势类群在鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物中占优势;而哲水蚤和溞属仅在低水位季节占优势,枝角类丰度仅在高温、高水位、流速缓的季节高过桡足类。丰水期浮游甲壳动物平均丰度和生物量远远高于枯水期,可达枯水期的50倍,差异极其显著(P0.01)。温度和水位变化引起的环境因子改变是导致鄱阳湖浮游甲壳动物发生季节演替的主要原因;而营养盐对浮游甲壳动物的影响并不显著。空间上浮游甲壳动物群落构成明显不同,年均丰度最高和最低的点均出现在河口地区。因此:对于换水周期短,水交换速率快的水体,应该充分考虑水文条件对生物的影响。     

太湖贡湖湾食物网特征研究

应用稳定性同位素技术(13C和15N)研究了太湖贡湖湾食物网特征, 结果显示由于食物来源变化多样性影响, 导致贡湖的食物网结构和营养级关系变化较为复杂, 贡湖主要生物类群13C、15N值表现出较大的种间差异。消费者13C值从摇蚊幼虫的-32.3到锯齿米虾的-22.1, 其值大小与营养级的关系没有规律性。消费者平均15N值从褶纹冠蚌的10.3到位于顶端间下鳙的19.0, 随营养级位置而升高。群落中所有种类的15N、13C值之间没有相关性(r=0.1835, P0.05), 表明该食物网是非线性食物网。研究结果验证了杂食性生物有机体普遍存在于富营养化的贡湖水域生态系统中, 且13C结果表明, 浮游植物、固着藻类以及沉水植物为贡湖食物网中大多数生物有机体的主要碳源。贡湖食物链长度为4.44营养级。     

洱海三种生活型水生植物叶片中碳、氮与总酚含量的比较研究

植物体内的C、N和总酚是影响其被牧食和凋落物降解的重要因素,从而影响C和N在食物链的传递和生物地化循环。本研究测定了云南洱海3种生活型（挺水、沉水和浮叶）26种水生植物叶片中C、N和总酚含量以及C/N比率,并分析了它们与总酚的关系。结果表明:挺水植物叶片的C、N和总酚平均含量为448.08、39.30和24.70 mg/g,浮叶植物叶片的C、N和总酚平均含量为433.32、35.16和28.05 mg/g,沉水植物叶片的C、N和总酚平均含量为378.36、27.31和10.28 mg/g;总体上看,植物叶片C和N含量:挺水植物 浮叶植物 沉水植物;挺水和浮叶植物叶片的总酚含量差异不显著,且均远高于沉水植物叶片的总酚含量;26种植物叶片中C和N与总酚含量均呈显著正相关。在富营养化条件下,3种生活型植物所处生境的光照和CO2供给均差异显著,会对这些植物叶片的C、N和总酚含量有一定影响,此外由于应对生境中的胁迫（草食性昆虫、病原体及紫外线辐射等）压力以及自身的生长策略的不同也可能导致C、N和酚在三者中形成差异;通过对13种沉水植物叶片总酚含量比较,推测光叶眼子菜和微齿眼子菜较为适合作为洱海耐牧食恢复先锋物种;N与总酚正相关的关系可能在富营养化进程中加速湖泊沼泽化。     

甘肃小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶形态-光合生理特征对淹水的响应

盐沼湿地植物叶片功能性状对淹水的响应分析, 有助于探究植物叶片可塑性机制与光合生理特征间的内在关联性, 对深入理解盐沼湿地植物的生境抗逆性策略具有重要意义。根据小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短分别设置: 轻度淹水区(静水持留30-90天)、中度淹水区(静水持留90-150天)、重度淹水区(静水持留150-210天) 3个试验样地, 以盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa)为研究对象, 研究了小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶片功能性状对淹水的响应。结果表明: 随着静水持留时间的增加, 轻度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态上采用小比叶面积(SLA)的肉质化小叶模式, 光合生理上具有高实际光合效率(Y(II))和低调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))的协同变异; 重度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态和光合生理上则采用与轻度淹水区完全相反的协同变异策略; 在3个样地中, SLA与Y(II)、光化学淬灭(QP)和Y(NPQ)间均呈极显著相关关系; 叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均呈显著正相关关系。小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水时空演变格局影响下, 盐地风毛菊种群通过改变叶面积、叶厚度和SLA等叶片形态特征, 适时调整叶片Y(II)和Y(NPQ)等光合生理特征, 实现植物叶片光合碳同化产物的收支平衡, 表现出对水盐异质性环境较强的耐受性, 反映了盐沼湿地植物在极端生存环境下的叶片可塑性和抗逆性机制。     

基于能值分析的环太湖城市群生态经济系统可持续发展研究

采用能值理论与分析方法,研究2015年环太湖城市群生态经济系统的能值流量,并构建多维度的生态经济系统指标体系,综合评价环太湖城市群可持续发展程度和健康水平。研究结果表明：（1）可更新资源利用不足,在能值利用总量中占比最大值仅为7.95%;（2）不可更新资源消耗过度,在能值利用总量中占比最小值达到56.95%;（3）（除苏州市外）可更新资源产品中肉类与水产品占比最小值已达63.08%,急需对传统的农业结构进行调整;（4）不可更新资源产品均以水泥和钢铁为主,占比最小值已达88.02%,应该加快传统的工业转型升级;（5）输入能值占比最大值仅为36.27%,商品进出口呈现贸易顺差,对外经济开放仍有发展空间;（6）废弃物与可更新能值比率最大值仅为12.8%,废弃物能值比最小值仅为0.19%,废弃物排放和利用水平有待提高;（7）湖州市可持续指标ESI和能值可持续发展指标EISD为1.59和2.99,在环太湖城市群中更具可持续发展潜力;（8）苏州市健康能值指数EUEHI和改进的健康能值指数EUEHI''为8.22和1.65,在环太湖城市群中健康水平较低。据此结果提出了有助于环太湖城市群经济社会发展与自然生态环境和谐共赢的可持续发展对策。     

杭州市西湖景区春季空气细菌多样性特征

选取了杭州市西湖景区4个典型样点,利用高通量测序方法研究了其空气细菌多样性特征。结果表明,在细菌门水平上,各样点优势细菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其总相对含量在断桥残雪(MSBB)、柳浪闻莺(OSW)、宝石流霞(PSHFRC)和三潭印月(TPMM)分别为88.31%、86.03%、85.06%和89.28%,且不同样点优势菌群存在一定的差异,OSW和TPMM厚壁菌门分别占9.65%和11.6%,拟杆菌门分别占6.86%和5.55%,MSBB和PSHFRC拟杆菌门分别占7.31%和7.86%,厚壁菌门分别占7.09%和5.32%。在细菌属水平上,各样点优势菌属及含量差异显著,MSBB、TPMM、OSW和PSHFRC相对含量最高的菌属分别为马赛菌属(Massilia)、两面神菌属(Janibacter)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium),分别占6.22%、6.45%、6.05%和11.5%,各样点相对含量高于2%的细菌属有鞘氨醇单胞菌属、甲基杆菌属、薄层菌属(Hymenobacter)和异常球菌属(Deinococcus),这些菌属是西湖景区各样点共有的优势菌群;通过空气细菌OTU及多样性分析可知,MSBB空气细菌丰富度较高,均匀度较低,而PSHFRC丰富度较低,均匀度较高。杭州西湖景区不同样点空气细菌群落特征差异显著,且其丰富度和均匀度明显不同。