Hydrodynamics of burst swimming fish larvae; a conceptual model approach

Burst swimming of fish larvae is analysed from a hydrodynamic point of view. A picture of the expected flow pattern is presented based on information in literature on unsteady-flow patterns around obstacles in the intermediate Reynolds number region. It is shown that the acceleration stage of burst swimming under restricted conditions can be treated as a frictionless impulsive motion. The stream pattern resulting from this motion is presented and the efficiency of locomotion during the acceleration stage is calculated. The flow pattern in the post-acceleration stage is sketched and the origin of an interaction between the viscous and the reactive force contribution to the propulsive force in this stage is discussed. It is explained how this interaction can lead to an increase in propulsive efficiency. A conceptual model is developed describing the three stages in burst swimming locomotion: the acceleration stage, the post-acceleration stage and the gliding stage. Data from literature of the travel distance versus time relation of the common carp larva (Cyprinus carpio) of 5.5-mm length has been used to test the model results. The test appeared remarkably successful, and the model results for larger larvae up to 22 mm length are presented. The gliding distance as a function of larval length resulting from the model has been compared with experimental data from literature.     

一种"天然植物抗菌液"康人间(KRJ)对LPS诱RAW264.7细胞的抗炎效果及机制初探

目的:探索康人间(KRJ)的抗炎效果及其作用机制。方法:采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞建立细胞炎症模型,测定KRJ对细胞活力、胞内ROS、上清NO产物水平以及炎症相关蛋白(i NOS、COX-2等)表达的影响。结果:KRJ预处理后,细胞活力随KRJ浓度增加而降低。建模后,KRJ组细胞上清中促炎症介质NO明显被抑制(P0.0001),胞内活性氧(ROS)被清除,并表现出明显的剂量依赖性抑制作用(P0.001),与炎症密切相关的蛋白COX-2、i NOS蛋白均表现出下调趋势(P0.05)。结论:KRJ可能通过清除ROS活性、下调NO产物、COX-2、iNOS蛋白等减轻炎症反应。     

多巴胺能药物对鲤鱼促性腺激素分泌活动的影响

研究多巴胺（ＤＡ）及其激动剂阿扑吗啡（ＡＰＯ）和拮抗剂Ｄｏｍｐｅｒｉｄｏｎｅ（ＤＯＭ）对不同性腺发育时期和不同年龄雌鲤促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）分泌活动的影响。结果表明：鲤鱼基础ＧｔＨ分泌具有明显的季节性变化,表现为血清ＧｔＨ含量在性腺发育早期较低,性腺成熟期升高,到性腺退化期又降低。ＤＡ和ＡＰＯ对ＧｔＨ分泌的抑制作用及ＤＯＭ对ＧｔＨ分泌的刺激作用在不同性腺发育时期为：性腺发育早期〉性腺成熟期〉性腺退化     

鲤鱼金属硫蛋白基因启动区功能的研究

以氯霉素乙酰化酶作为报讯基因、利用草鱼肾培养细胞瞬时表达系统,对已克隆的鲤鱼金属硫蛋白基因５’－调节区１．６ｋｂ的序列进行了功能分析。从顺式效应和反式效应研究证明：所克隆的鲤鱼ＭＴ基因５‘－调节区具有典型ＭＴ启动子的特性实验发现哺乳动物病毒ＳＶ４０增强子要以加强鱼类ＭＴ启动子的活性,提示在系统进化上鱼类基因不但存在增强子元件,并具有哺乳动物增强子相似的作用方式,而且作用于增强子的反式效应因子也存在     

水库鱼体汞积累的预测

回归分析表明,在所研究的长江流域的１２个水库中,水库与河流鲤鱼汞含量的比值Ｆ与水库集水面积Ａ和径流量Ｑ的比值呈显著的同相关：Ｆ＝２．５０９６－０．４８０４７Ａ／Ｑ（ｒ＝－０．７９５,ｎ＝１２）凤滩水库调查结果证实了此回归方程的可靠性。实测的Ｆ值与预测值比较,相对误差为２３．１％。用此模型预测三峡大坝建成蓄水后将加剧鱼体对汞的生物富集作用,局部水域存在鱼体汞含量超过我国食品汞含量标准的可能性。本文讨     

人工诱导异源四倍体,新四倍体及异源三倍体白鲫的细胞遗传学研究

作者比较了第一代异源四倍体鱼、异源三倍体鱼、新四倍体鱼与亲本白鲫、红鲫及其杂交一代的染色体组型。三种亲本的二倍体染色体数均为100,但其组型分组各有差异,白鲫染色体组型公式：12m＋36sm＋32st十20t,NF＝148,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大的标记染色体;红鲫染色体组型：20m＋34sm＋26st＋20t,NF＝154;白鲫×红鲫杂种染色体组型：16m＋35sm＋29st＋20t,NF＝151,有一条与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体,证实其组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供一套染色体组组成。异源三倍体的染色体数为150,是亲本的1.5倍,染色体组型是：22m＋53sm＋45st＋30t,NF＝225,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大标记染色体,表明异源三倍体的染色体组型含有两套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组。第一代异源四倍体和新四倍体鱼染色体数目为其亲本的2倍,4n＝200。前者的染色体组型为：32m＋70sm＋58st＋40t,NF＝302,一对与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体明显可见,证明其染色体组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供两套染色体组。新四倍体的染色体组组型为：28m＋71sm＋61st＋40t,NF＝299,分裂相中三条特大的标记染色体较明显,推测其染色体组型由三套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组组成。结果表明：第一代异源四倍体、异源三倍体和新四倍体与三种亲本的     

稀有鮈鲫对草鱼出血病病毒敏感性的初步研究

本文报道稀有鲫对草鱼出血病病毒（ＧＣＨＶ）的敏感性。ＧＣＨＶ是草鱼出血病的病原,用ＧＣＨＶ人工感好１－６月龄的稀有鲫,在水温２２－３２℃时能导致稀有鲫出现出血病症状。在水温２８℃时,病鱼在ｌｄ内死亡,潜伏期为５ｄ,发病高峰期在感染后第６－８ｄ。ＧＣＨＶ能在稀有鲫体内传代,并诱导８０％以上的稀行鲫患病死亡。将人工感染ＧＣＨＶ的稀有鲫病鱼组织超薄切片,电镜观察,发现在肠道、脾脏、肾脏等组织中存在大小与形态和ＧＣＨＶ相似的病毒颗粒。从稀有鲫出血病病鱼组织中纯化病毒,免疫电镜观察,发现病毒颗粒能被ＧＣＨＶ的特异性抗体聚集成团。由上可知,稀有鲫出血病是由ＧＣＨＶ感染所致,稀有鲫对ＧＣＨＶ是敏感的,可以作为草鱼抗出血病育种的模型。     

Diurnal and seasonal profiles of melatonin in the liver and their correlates of ovarian functions under natural photo-thermal conditions in adult carp Catla catla

Present study aimed to demonstrate daily rhythm features of hepatic melatonin concentrations in relation to ovarian functions during four reproductive phases of an annual cycle by measuring the levels of melatonin, 17-β estradiol (E2), vitellogenin (Vg) and maturation inducing hormone (MIH) in the liver and/or serum of adult carp Catla catla. Melatonin titres in liver, irrespective of reproductive phase, underwent daily variations with a peak in early dark phase and nadir at midday. However, the acrophase (Ø) of serum melatonin varied from late night in preparatory phase to midnight in the remaining parts of annual cycle. Their amplitude was highest during post-spawning phase and lowest during spawning phase. Hepatic E2 levels showed daily peak at midday and seasonal peak during pre-spawning phase. Though levels of serum Vg proteins and MIH did not exhibit daily variations, underwent seasonal changes with the highest and lowest values during spawning and post-spawning phases respectively. Hepatic melatonin titres always displayed significant negative correlation with the levels of both E2 and Vg. In essence, our study presented the first data on the daily and seasonal rhythm features of hepatic melatonin in carp and underlined their temporal relationship with the functions of ovary in any fish species.     

岳鲤及其双亲(荷包红鲤♀、湘江野鲤♂)LDH同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,结合CS910双波长扫描分析了岳鲤及其双亲(荷包红鲤♀、湘江野鲤♂)6种组织的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH)。结果表明:岳鲤及其双亲的LDH同工酶均存在组织特异性;亲本之间LDH同工酶的差异主要表现在肝脏;亲本各组织的大多数LDH同工酶在F_1代得到表现;亲本及F_1代的LDH同工酶可能由基因位点AA′BB′共同控制。本文还讨论了LDH同工酶分析和杂交结果预测的关系。     

Microridges of oral mucosal epithelium in carp,Cyprinus carpio

Summary The surface of carp oral mucosa is characterized by various patterns of microridges about 0.3 m wide, 0.1 m high, and of various lengths. To elucidate the derivation and function of these microridges, the oral epithelium was examined by light- and electron microscopy. Microridges were present only on the surfaces of the superficial cells. Therefore, microridges on renewed superficial cells are presumed to be formed after old superficial cells have been discarded, and the various patterns of microridges found on the cell surface appear to indicate the progress of their development. In thin sections, the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes of microridges stained strongly with ruthenium red, and the underlying cytoplasm was packed with many fine filaments. The superficial cells contained many secretory vesicles that were PAS-positive but Alcian blue-negative at pH 2.5 and pH 1.0. However, after sulfation the vesicles gave a positive reaction with toluidine blue. These vesicles are secreted by exocytosis at the free surface of the cells. After release, the membranes of the vesicles are thought to be utilized for formation of microridges. On the basis of these observations, the possible function of microridges is discussed.This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan