预负荷／共同负荷联合血管收缩药对腰麻剖宫产术血流动力学变化

目的探讨预负荷／共同负荷联合小剂量血管收缩药盐酸麻黄碱注射液（上海信谊金朱药业有限公司）、盐酸去氧肾上腺索注射液（上海禾丰制药有限公司）对腰麻剖官产术中血流动力学的变化及预防低血压的有效性及安全性。方法选择剖官产术90例,随机分为3组,每组30例．ASAI～Ⅱ级。预负荷晶体液乳酸林格氏注射液（石家庄西药有限公司）6～8ml／kg联合共同负荷输入羟乙基淀粉130／0．4氯化钠溶液（万汶,北京费森尤斯卡比医药有限公司）10ml／kg。术中监测记录SBP、DBP、HR、ECG、SpO2。结果预负荷／共同负荷联合血管收缩药预防剖宫产术腰麻后低血压。P组和E组的低血压发生率明显低于C组（P〈0．05）;P组术中HR低于E组和C组。预防恶心、呕吐给于盐酸昂丹司琼注射液（齐鲁制药有限公司）,不良反应少,无明显呼吸抑制、无术后头痛现象。结论预负荷／共同负荷联合小剂量血管收缩药,有效降低腰麻后低血压的发生率,去氧肾上腺素比麻黄碱能更好维持产妇血流动力学的稳定。对新生儿无不良影响,安全。     

浅全麻下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用

目的:探讨丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用效果。方法:选择ASAI-II级择期行开腹胆囊切除手术全麻患者200例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各100例。对照组术毕符合拔管条件时拔除气管导管,试验组手术结束时持续泵注丙泊酚瑞芬太尼维持病人于浅麻醉状态,待患者自主呼吸恢复,潮气量达6～8ml/kg,呼吸频率大于12次/min,脱氧10minSpO2在95%以上,PetCO2在正常范围,停止输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,拔除气管导管。记录两组患者手术结束时、拔管时、拔管后1min、3min、5min各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及术后患者恢复情况。结果:组内比较,与T1时刻比较,试验组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR差异无统计学意义;对照组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR高于T1时刻(P<0.05)。组间比较,T1时刻两组比较差异无统计学意义,T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR对照组高于试验组(P<0.05)。试验组不良记忆的发生例数少于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者SpO2<96%的发生例数、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管,患者血流动力学平稳,无不良记忆。     

地佐辛联合帕瑞昔布钠预防全身麻醉苏醒期躁动

目的:探讨术中应用地佐辛联合帕瑞昔布钠预防全麻苏醒期躁动的效果。方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级全身麻醉下进行开腹胆囊切除术患者75例,随机分为3组,各25例。Ⅰ组给予地佐辛5mg;Ⅱ组给予地佐辛10mg;Ⅲ组给予地佐辛5mg联合帕瑞昔布钠40mg。在手术进行到关腹时静脉给药,观察比较苏醒期三组患者的躁动发生情况、疼痛评分及不良反应(恶心、呕吐等)。结果:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组患者躁动发生率和疼痛评分均低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。Ⅲ组不良反应发生率小于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论:术中应用地佐辛联合帕瑞昔布钠对预防全麻苏醒期躁动具有良好的效果,并能降低不良反应发生率。     

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Tail docking of pigs is a routine procedure on farms to help control tail-biting behavior; however, docking can cause pain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology (experiment 1) and behavior (experiment 2) of tail docked pigs. Pigs were allocated to one of six treatment groups: (i) sham docking (CON); (ii) docking using conventional cutting (CUT) with side-cutting pliers; (iii) CUT docking plus local anesthesia injected immediately before docking (LA); (iv) CUT docking plus short-acting local anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (SHORT); (v) CUT docking plus long-acting anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (LONG) and (vi) CUT docking while the pig was anesthetized with carbon dioxide gas (CO(2)). In experiment 1, blood samples were collected from pigs (10 pigs per treatment) before and 30, 60 and 120 min after docking to measure leukocyte counts and percentages and cortisol concentrations. In experiment 2, the above treatments were repeated (10 pigs per treatment); the percentage of stress vocalizations were recorded during the administration of the treatments and behavior was recorded for up to 120 min after docking or handling. All pigs were weighed before and 24 h after docking and wound healing was recorded until weaning. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was greater (P < 0.05) in CUT, LA, SHORT and LONG compared with CON pigs. At 30 min, cortisol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in CUT, LA, LONG and CO(2) compared with CON pigs. Cortisol concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) between SHORT and CON pigs 30 min after docking. Cortisol concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) among pigs given pain relief at the time of docking compared with pigs' docked without pain relief. Body weight change and wound scores did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. The percentage of stress vocalizations increased (P < 0.05) in CUT, SHORT and LONG, but not in CON, LA and CO(2) pigs in response to docking or handling. The percentage of time pigs spent lying without contact after docking tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in CUT pigs compared with all other docking treatments and CON pigs. In this study, none of the anesthesia treatments tested were effective at significantly changing the physiological or behavioral response to tail docking in pigs.     

Enteral calcium infusion used successfully as treatment for a patient with hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) without alopecia: A novel mutation

Background

We report a novel mutation in a case of hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) without alopecia and successful management of this condition with the intravenous formulation of calcium chloride delivered via gastric tube.

Clinical Case

A 22 month old male (length − 3.4 SDS; weight − 2.1 SDS) presented with failure to thrive, short stature, severe hypocalcemia and gross motor delay. He did not have alopecia. Initial blood tests and history were thought possibly to suggest vitamin D deficiency rickets: calcium 5.1 mg/dL, (8.8–10.8); phosphorus 4.1 mg/dL, (4.5–5.5); alkaline phosphatase 1481 U/L (80–220); intact PTH 537.1 pg/mL (10–71). Subsequently, vitamin D studies returned that were consistent with HVDRR: 25-hydroxyvitamin D 34 ng/mL (20–100); 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 507 pg/mL. This diagnosis was confirmed by DNA sequencing. His subsequent clinical course was complicated by the fact that IV calcium was not a viable option for this patient, and his calcium levels could not be well controlled on oral calcium citrate or calcium glubionate therapy. Eventually, we were able to maintain calcium levels above 8 mg/dL using the intravenous preparation of calcium chloride administered via gastric tube.

Genetic Studies

A unique homozygous T to C base substitution was found in exon 6 in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. This mutation causes leucine to be converted to proline at position 227 in helix 3 in the VDR ligand binding domain (LBD). The mutation rendered the VDR non-functional, leading to HVDRR, with absence of alopecia.

Conclusion

HVDRR should be considered in a patient with profound hypocalcemia which is refractory to conventional therapy of vitamin D deficiency rickets even without evidence of alopecia. We report the first case of HVDRR with a novel mutation in the LBD that was successfully treated with enteral treatment using a calcium chloride infusion.     

Plasma Corticosterone in Rats Is Specifically Increased at Recovery from Propofol Anesthesia without Concomitant Rise of Plasma ACTH

General anesthesia combined with surgery is commonly associated with post-operative stress-response in humans. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) during and after anesthesia are correlated with the magnitude of surgery and choice of anesthetics. The aim of our study in rats was to characterize the effects of general anesthesia without any surgery on HPA regulation of corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretions. First, to assess whether the acute effects of general anesthesia on corticosterone concentration depend on time of day, rats were anesthetized with propofol at three different Zeitgeber times (ZT6, ZT10, and ZT16; with lights-on and -off at ZT0 and ZT12, respectively). Second, to determine the prolonged effects of general propofol anesthesia on daily corticosterone and ACTH concentrations, rats were anesthetized at ZT16 (4 h after lights-off) and euthanized either 1, 4, 12, 16, 20, or 24 h later. Third, the effects of propofol anesthesia on corticosterone and ACTH secretion were studied in rats instrumented with intracarotid cannulation. This permitted us to examine the individual patterns of corticosterone responses to propofol anesthesia as compared to their respective baseline corticosterone secretion. All of the results obtained showed that general propofol anesthesia, independent of the time-of-day of its administration, induces a significant increase of corticosterone secretion during the early recovery period without effect on ACTH secretion (i.e., no pituitary mediated stress-response). (Author correspondence: yvan.touitou@upmc.fr)     

超快通道麻醉联合BIS监测对心脏手术患者的效果及安全性

目的:探究超快通道麻醉辅助脑电双频指数(Bispectral index,BIS)监测对行心脏手术患者认知功能障碍的影响和安全性。方法:选取2014年1月-2017年1月于我院进行心脏手术的59例患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为实验组(29例)和对照组(30例)。其中,对照组患者实施心脏超快通道麻醉,实验组患者实施心脏超快通道麻醉辅助BIS监测。术后6个月,使用韦氏成人智力量表对两组麻醉前后认知功能障碍情况进行比对,并比较两组术后6个月内并发症的发生率。结果:(1)两组术后6个月时智力测试得分对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),各指数间对比差异也无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)实验组患者术后6个月内并发症发生率较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:与单独使用超快速通道的患者相比,行全身麻醉心脏手术患者使用超快速通道麻醉辅助BIS监测麻醉及单用超快速通道对患者认知功能障碍的影响相当,但前者的安全性明显高于后者。     

不同麻醉方式对骨科手术患者血流动力学、术后精神状态及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨不同麻醉方式对骨科手术患者血流动力学、术后精神状态及认知功能的影响。方法:选取2016年1月～2018年12月期间我院收治的89例骨科手术患者,根据数字表法将患者随机分为对照组(n=44)和研究组(n=45),对照组给予全身麻醉,研究组给予硬膜外麻醉,比较两组患者围术期指标情况,比较两组患者不同时间点血流动力学、术后精神状态及术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生率。结果:两组患者术中麻醉时间、术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组麻醉药物使用量少于对照组,苏醒时间、语言恢复时间短于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者麻醉后术前(T2)时间点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)均较麻醉前(T1)时间点降低,两组患者手术30 min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)时间点MAP、HR均较T2时间点升高(P0.05),但两组患者T1～T4时间点MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组术后6 h(T5)～术后72 h(T8)时间点、研究组T5～术后24 h(T7)时间点MMSE评分低于T1时间点(P0.05),而研究组T8时间点MMSE评分与T1时间点比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组T7、T8时间点MMSE评分高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组T5、术后12 h(T6)时间点POCD发生率均低于对照组(P0.05),两组T7、T8时间点POCD发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:两种麻醉方式均可对骨科手术患者血流动力学、术后精神状态造成一定影响,但硬膜外麻醉对术后精神状态的影响程度相对更轻,同时还可降低POCD发生率,改善围术期部分指标。     

The in vivo neurochemistry of the brain during general anesthesia

Anesthesia describes a complex state composed of immobility, amnesia, hypnosis (sleep or loss of consciousness), analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Bottom-up approaches explain anesthesia by an interaction of the anesthetic with receptor proteins in the brain, whereas top-down approaches consider predominantly cortical and thalamic network activity and connectivity. Both approaches have a number of explanatory gaps and as yet no unifying view has emerged. In addition to a direct interaction with primary target receptor proteins, general anesthetics have massive effects on neurotransmitter activity in the brain. They can change basal transmitter levels by interacting with neuronal activity, transmitter synthesis, release, reuptake and metabolism. By that way, they can affect a great number of neurotransmitter systems and receptors. Here, we review how different general anesthetics affect extracellular activity of neurotransmitters in the brain during induction, maintenance, and emergence from anesthesia and which functional consequences this may have. Commonalities and differences between different groups of anesthetics in their action on neurotransmitter activity are discussed. We also review how general anesthetics affect the response dynamics of the neurotransmitter systems after sensory stimulation. More than 30 years of research have now yielded a complex picture of the effects of general anesthetics on brain neurotransmitter basal activity and response dynamics. It is suggested that analyzing the effects on neurotransmitter activity is the logical next step after protein interactions in a bottom-up analysis of anesthetic action in the brain on the way to a unifying view of anesthesia.     

Relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and anesthetic fasting protocols in the captive chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes

Background Lengthy social separation and prolonged fasting time contribute to increased risks associated with anesthesia in captive primates. This study is an initial attempt to identify a safe pre‐anesthetic fasting procedure by identifying gastric emptying time (GET) and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) of captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Methods Seven adult chimpanzees at the North Carolina Zoo immobilized for annual physical examinations were fed barium‐impregnated polyethylene spheres to measure GET. Eleven animals were individually fed a color dye marker and fecal passage was observed to determine GTT. Results Gastric emptying time (GET) was approximated to be >3 hours but <16 hours. The mean GTT was 16.5 hours. Conclusions This study indicates that a fasting time of 3 hours would allow for complete gastric emptying and could potentially replace the current overnight fast (≥16 hour) to help minimize complications associated with pre‐anesthetic fasting in captive primates.