An Edge Selection Mechanism for Chirally Selective Solubilization of Binaphthyl Atropisomeric Guests by Cholate and Deoxycholate Micelles

Combining micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimentation, we shed light on the structural basis for the chirally selective solubilization of atropisomeric binaphthyl compounds by bile salt micelles comprised of cholate (NaC) or deoxycholate (NaDC). The model binaphthyl analyte R,S‐BNDHP exhibits chirally selective interactions with primary micellar aggregates of cholate and deoxycholate, as does the closely related analyte binaphthol (R,S‐BN). Chiral selectivity was localized, by NMR chemical shift analysis, to the proton at the C12 position of these bile acids. Correspondingly, MEKC results show that the 12α‐OH group of either NaC or NaDC is necessary for chirally selective resolution of these model binaphthyl analytes by bile micelles, and the S isomer is more highly retained by the micelles. With NMR, the chemical shift of 12β‐H was perturbed more strongly in the presence of S‐BNDHP than R‐BNDHP. Intermolecular NOEs demonstrate that R,S‐BNDHP and R,S‐BN interact with a similar hydrophobic planar pocket lined with the methyl groups of the bile salts, and are best explained by the existence of an antiparallel dimeric unit of bile salts. Finally, chemical shift data and intermolecular NOEs support different interactions of the enantiomers with the edges of dimeric bile units, indicating that R,S‐BNDHP enantiomers sample the same binding site preferentially from opposite edges of the dimeric bile unit. Chirality 28:525–533, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

东亚飞蝗肠道内高产纤维素酶菌株筛选及鉴定

为微生物制剂生产筛选菌种资源。运用昆虫解剖技术取出东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)肠道,采用稀释涂板法对肠道内的菌种进行分离,并利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)改良培养基初筛产纤维素酶菌株。结果表明,从东亚飞蝗肠道内共分离得到12株产纤维素酶菌株,均为细菌,并对纤维素酶活较高的菌株K005进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,通过菌落及菌体形态特征、生理生化特性、16S r DNA序列测定结果,将该菌株鉴定为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

Structural and functional characterization of a novel acidophilic 7α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

7α‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α‐HSDH) is an NAD(P)H‐dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short‐chain dehydrogenases/reductases. In vitro, 7α‐HSDH is involved in the efficient biotransformation of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) to tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). In this study, a gene encoding novel 7α‐HSDH (named as St‐2‐1) from fecal samples of black bear was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein has subunits of 28.3 kDa and a native size of 56.6 kDa, which suggested a homodimer. We studied the relevant properties of the enzyme, including the optimum pH, optimum temperature, thermal stability, activators, and inhibitors. Interestingly, the data showed that St‐2‐1 differs from the 7α‐HSDHs reported in the literature, as it functions under acidic conditions. The enzyme displayed its optimal activity at pH 5.5 (TCDCA). The acidophilic nature of 7α‐HSDH expands its application environment and the natural enzyme bank of HSDHs, providing a promising candidate enzyme for the biosynthesis of TUDCA or other related chemical entities.     

基于大鼠在体肠灌流模型研究白及有效部位在肠道的可吸收及代谢成分

为了考查白及有效部位在肠道的可吸收成分及其代谢特征。基于在体肠灌流模型,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对收集到的健康SD大鼠循环肠灌流液、血清、胆汁进行分析检测,并结合对照品、质谱碎片信息和Masslynx V4.1工作站中的Single Mass Analysis功能,初步推测吸收和代谢产物的结构式。在大鼠血清和胆汁中,初步鉴定出1,4-二[4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸、4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸酯、α-异丁基苹果酸酯原型产物。在大鼠循环肠灌流液、血清和胆汁中,共鉴定出4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸酯的脱糖后硫酸化代谢产物和二氢菲5的葡萄糖醛酸化代谢产物,其代谢产物主要生水解和葡萄糖醛酸化反应。该方法初步探究了白及有效部位在大鼠循环肠灌流液中可吸收成分和代谢特征,为阐释白及药材的药效物质基础提供实验依据。     

Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids

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法尼酯X受体对肝脂酶表达的影响

目的:探讨法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)对肝脂酶(hepatic lipase,HL)表达的影响。方法:用FXR激动剂CDCA作用人肝癌细胞株(HepG2),用RT-PCR和Western blotting检测HL的表达情况。结果:用不同浓度的CDCA(25μmol/L、50μmol/L、75μmol/L)分别作用HepG2细胞6h、12h、24h、48h后,HL的mRNA和蛋白质水平呈时间和剂量依赖性下调。结论:FXR激动剂可抑制肝脂酶的表达。     

胆囊切除术医源性胆管损伤的处理

目的:探讨开腹胆囊切除术医源性胆道损伤的诊断、手术时机和手术方式的选择。方法:对18例胆道损伤进行分析总结:分别施行了胆管修补、T管引流术10例,保守治疗2例,Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术6例。结果:3例术后过早拔管发生吻合口狭窄,再次手术。1例因梗阻性胆管炎并发肝功能衰竭、多器官功能衰竭死亡。1例因胆肠吻合术后并发消化道出血、肝昏迷死亡。余术后良好。结论:尽早发现及正确处理对提高疗效和预防术后胆管狭窄起着决定性的作用。术中发现胆管损伤立即行端端吻合加T管引流;术后数天发现或多次胆道修补术失败者,则宜行规范的Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术。     

静脉导管留置及胸腔注射尿激酶治疗结核性胸腔积液影响

探讨中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺留置抽液联合胸腔内注入尿激酶(urokinase,UK)治疗结核性渗出性胸膜炎对胸膜肥厚、粘连的预防作用。方法:将52例收治的结核性渗出性胸膜炎所致大量胸腔积液患者随机分为治疗组(27例)和对照组(25例),对照组给于常规抗结核以及传统单纯胸腔穿刺抽液(每周3次)等治疗;全身结核中毒症状严重者,予口服泼尼松30mg．d-1,每周减量5～10mg,疗程约4～6周。在以上药物治疗同时,治疗组第一次穿刺时使用一次性中心静脉导管代替传统胸穿针穿刺置入并保留于胸腔,抽液后从导管注入尿激酶10～20万U,保留24小时后再次抽液;可以再次或多次使用尿激酶10万u注入胸腔;此后不定时抽液,经B超证实抽尽胸水后拔除导管。结果:治疗组住院时间(12．3±6．6)天,住院费用(2219．5±1171．9)元,治疗后第三个月的胸膜厚度(1．00±0．23)mm,无病例发生胸膜增厚、粘连及包裹性胸腔积液。对照组住院时间(20．4±7．9)天,住院费用(2721．9±1711．7)元,治疗后第三个月胸膜厚度(2．1±0．31)mm,另有3例发生胸膜增厚、粘连,2例形成包裹性胸腔积液。各项指标对比差异有显著性。结论:中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺留置抽液及尿激酶胸腔内保留注射治疗结核性胸腔积液具有简便、安全、创伤少、疗效确切;缩短住院时间,降低住院费用;且能有效预防胸膜肥厚和粘连发生。值得临床推广应用。     

microRNA-329 suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and lymph node metastasis in bile duct cancer by inhibiting laminin subunit beta 3

Bile duct cancer (BDC), also known as cholangiocarcinoma, is a highly desmoplastic cancer with a growth pattern characterized by periductal extension and infiltration. Studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in BDC progression. Here we aim at investigating the effects of miR-329 on BDC development, focusing especially on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and lymph node metastasis in vivo. Expression microarrays associated with BDC tissues were collected and differentially expressed genes were analyzed, followed by miRNA target prediction and verification. The role miR-329 played in BDC was examined using gain-of-function and loss-of-function methods. The expressions of miR-329, laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3), and EMT markers, in addition to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated. Furthermore, nude mice models of BDC were established to observe tumor growth and metastatic lymph nodes. The LAMB3 was identified as an upregulated gene based on the GSE77984 and GSE45001 microarray analysis. LAMB3 was also predicted and confirmed to be a target gene of miR-329 by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Through further cell experiments, the EMT process was reversed, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were suppressed, when miR-329 was upregulated. Furthermore, in vivo experiments exhibited that the overexpression of miR-329 inhibited tumor growth and the number of metastatic lymph nodes. This study provides in vivo and in vitro evidence that miR-329 inhibits BDC progression through translational repression of LAMB3. Therefore, the obtained results may aid as an experimental basis for improving prognosis of BDC.     

The ventilation mechanism of the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii

We made anatomical and physiological observations of the breathing mechanisms in Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii, with measurements of nostril flow and pressure, mouth and pharyngo-cutaneous duct (PCD) pressure and velum and heart impedance and observations of dye flow patterns. Resting animals frequently exhibit spontaneous apnea. During normal breathing, water flow is continuous at a high rate (~125 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ at 12°C) powered by a two-phase unidirectional pumping system with a fast suction pump (the velum, ~22 min⁻¹) for inhalation through the single nostril and a much slower force pump (gill pouches and PCD ~4.4 min⁻¹) for exhalation. The mouth joins the pharynx posterior to the velum and plays no role in ventilation at rest or during swimming. Increases in flow up to >400 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ can be achieved by increases in both velum frequency and stroke volume and the ventilatory index (product of frequency x nostril pressure amplitude) provides a useful proxy for ventilatory flow rate. Two types of coughing (flow reversals) are described. During spontaneous swimming, ventilatory pressure and flow pulsatility becomes synchronised with rhythmic body undulations.