胰岛素强化治疗对胃癌围手术期营养代谢的影响：随机对照研究

目的：探讨胃癌围手术期能量及营养物质的代谢特点,研究强化胰岛素治疗对围手术营养代谢的影响。方法：选取胃中、下部癌病理诊断明确并且外科病房ICU住院时间不少于24h的患者64例,取得知情同意后随机分到强化胰岛素治疗（IIT）组血糖控制在4.4~6.1mmol/L,和传统治疗（CIT）组血糖控制在10mmol/L以下;应用CCM营养代谢监测系统测定围手术期静息能量消耗（REE）,呼吸商（RQ）,每公斤体重静息能量消耗（REE/kg）和脂肪氧化比率,应用多频人体生物电阻抗分析仪测定围手术期人体组分的变化及应用稳态模式评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果：64例病人入选,每组32例,手术创伤引起术后第1、3天REE水平增加约22%和12%,呼吸商降低至0.759和0.791,REE/kg增加28kcal/kg和26kcal/kg,脂肪氧化比率增加至78%和65%,Ln-HOMA-IR明显增加（P〈0.05）;IIT治疗能降低术后第1、3天Ln-HOMA-IR和REE/kg水平;术后人体指标如细胞内液、脂肪组织、蛋白组织、肌肉组织、瘦体组织和体质量较术前水平明显降低（P〈0.05）;IIT能明显减少脂肪组织、蛋白组织和细胞内液的消耗量（P=0.009,t=0.026）。结论：IIT能够有效降低胃癌围手术期胰岛素抵抗程度、降低静息能量消耗的水平和减少脂肪及蛋白质的消耗。     

ICU病房导管相关性血流感染的临床流行病学

目的调查重症监护病房住院患者导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）的发生率、病原分布特点、高危因素,并和国际权威数据进行比较,了解中国医科大学附属盛京医院CRBSI发生状况,为进一步防治CRBSI提供依据。方法应用美国国家院内感染监测（NNIS）规定的关于CRBSI的定义、诊断标准和评估参数等统一标准系统,对2007年6月1日至2008年5月31日人住中国医科大学附属盛京医院综合性ICU病房内的所有符合条件的病例进行前瞻性研究。结果得到符合纳入研究条件的患者174例,累计行中心静脉导管日为1913日;发生CRBSI为23例次,感染率为13．2％,感染密度为12．0／1000,导管使用率为72．8％。其中以肠杆菌和假单胞菌为主的革兰阴性细菌感染9例;以屎肠球菌为主的革兰阳性细菌感染7例;真菌感染7例,均为假丝酵母菌属。多因素Logistic回归分析结果,CRBSI发生前抗生素应用个数≥3（OR=6．335）和中心静脉置管个数〉1（OR=5．981）是CRBSI发生的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论该院CRBSI发生率高,感染密度大,多个中心静脉置管以及抗生素应用频繁可以增加CRBSI的发生率,必须进一步加强有效的预防和控制措施。     

重症监护病房非发酵菌分布及耐药分析

目的分析医院重症监护病房非发酵菌感染的耐药情况,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析2008年至2009年医院自重症监护病房分离的非发酵菌,对其检出率及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果共检出4 273株非发酵菌,检出率为38%,分离率居前4位的依次是铜绿假单胞菌(44.09%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(27.64%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(10.58%)和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(5.99%);4种常见的非发酵菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性均较高,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等含酶抑制剂的复合型抗菌药物对非发酵菌有较高的敏感性。结论医院重症监护病房非发酵菌检出率高且耐药性强,应加强临床细菌学的检测,按照药敏试验结果合理用药。     

ICU开放人工气道患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护室（ICU）开放气道患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月,重症监护室开放气道患者下呼吸道感染者的痰标本418株病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果革兰阴性杆菌占69．6％,其中铜绿假单胞菌27．02％,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌20．16％。革兰阳性球菌占20．16％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主占12．5％,真菌10．24％。结论目前重症监护室下呼吸道致病菌以G^-杆菌为主,细菌的耐药性严重,应根据药敏试验选择抗生素。     

La infección fúngica en el paciente pediátrico inmunodeprimido

In recent years, immunodeficiency condition has experienced a rise among children, who are at risk of invasive fungal infections (IFI) due to their health condition. Cancer, non-malignant hematological diseases, as primary immunodeficiencies, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), extreme prematurity, or critically ill condition in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are some immunosuppressive situations in children. The use of oncologic therapies, including immunotherapy and monoclonal antibodies, for the treatment of the aforementioned health conditions has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates of IFI in children.The underlying diseases and their management, comorbidities, the diagnostic tests used (both molecular and imaging), as well as the treatment used can be significantly different between adult patients and children admitted to PICU or with cancer. In pediatrics, the treatment of IFI is based primarily on pharmacokinetic studies performed in adults. In higher risk patients prophylaxis should be considered and, in the case of an IFI diagnosis, an antifungal treatment should be administered as early as possible, supported by the reversion of the immune dysfunction and surgery when appropriate.     

Apolipoprotein A-V is a potential target for treating coronary artery disease: evidence from genetic and metabolomic analyses

Triglyceride (TG)-lowering LPL variants in combination with genetic LDL-C-lowering variants are associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic variation in the APOA5 gene encoding apolipoprotein A-V also strongly affects TG levels, but the potential clinical impact and underlying mechanisms are yet to be resolved. Here, we aimed to study the effects of APOA5 genetic variation on CAD risk and plasma lipoproteins through factorial genetic association analyses. Using data from 309,780 European-ancestry participants from the UK Biobank, we evaluated the effects of lower TG levels as a result of genetic variation in APOA5 and/or LPL on CAD risk with or without a background of reduced LDL-C. Next, we compared lower TG levels via APOA5 and LPL variation with over 100 lipoprotein measurements in a combined sample from the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study (N = 4,838) and the Oxford Biobank (N = 6,999). We found that lower TG levels due to combined APOA5 and LPL variation and genetically-influenced lower LDL-C levels afforded the largest reduction in CAD risk (odds ratio: 0.78 (0.73–0.82)). Compared to patients with genetically-influenced lower TG via LPL, genetically-influenced lower TG via APOA5 had similar and independent, but notably larger, effects on the lipoprotein profile. Our results suggest that lower TG levels as a result of APOA5 variation have strong beneficial effects on CAD risk and the lipoprotein profile, which suggest apo A-V may be a potential novel therapeutic target for CAD prevention.     

阿托伐他汀强化降脂治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对TNF-α、IL-10、IL-18、MMP-9水平的影响

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀强化降脂治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的临床疗效,并分析其对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平的影响。方法:选取2015年3月-2016年12月我院收治的82例ACI患者,采用随机数字表法随机分为强化组(n=41)与常规组(n=41)。在常规治疗的基础上,常规组患者给予20 mg/次的阿托伐他汀治疗,强化组患者给予40 mg/次的阿托伐他汀治疗,两组均连续治疗8w。治疗结束后对比两组患者的临床疗效,对比两组患者治疗前后总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)、TNF-α、IL-10、IL-18、MMP-9水平。结果:强化组与常规组患者的总有效率分别为95.12%、80.49%,与常规组对比,强化组患者的临床总有效率明显升高(P0.05);两组患者治疗后的TC、TG、LDL-C、PAI-1、FIB、TNF-α、IL-18、MMP-9水平均较治疗前显著降低,HDL-C、t-PA、IL-10水平均显著升高(P0.05),且治疗后强化组患者的TC、TG、LDL-C、PAI-1、FIB、TNF-α、IL-18、MMP-9水平均低于常规组,HDL-C、t-PA、IL-10均高于常规组(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀强化降脂治疗ACI疗效较好,能够显著改善患者血脂、纤溶系统及炎症因子相关指标水平,具有降脂、调节纤溶活性及抑制炎症的作用。     

ICU中心发生胸腔感染的影响因素分析及预防对策

目的:探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中心发生胸腔感染的情况及其影响因素,并提出相应的预防对策。方法:选择2015年2月至2017年2月我院ICU中心收治的98例患者进行研究,均为全麻下行开胸术后住ICU者。收集所有患者临床资料,分析胸腔感染的发生情况,通过比较发生/未发生胸腔感染患者的临床资料,探讨ICU中心发生胸腔感染的危险因素,并提出相应的预防对策。结果:在98例患者中,有15例发生胸腔感染,发生率为15.31%,以铜绿假单胞菌所占比例最高,为40.00%。单因素分析结果显示:性别、术前抗菌药物的使用、胸管类型和ICU中心胸腔感染无相关性(P0.05),而年龄、手术时间、术前肺功能、引流管留置时间、手术创口污染、原发病灶蔓延均和ICU中心胸腔感染密切相关(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄≥60岁、手术时间≥2h、术前肺功能、引流管留置时间≥3d、手术创口污染、原发病灶蔓延均是造成ICU中心胸腔感染的独立危险因素(OR=3.485、3.714、3.571、5.731、6.172、6.081,P0.05)。结论:ICU中心发生胸腔感染会对患者病情恢复造成较大影响,在今后临床工作中,需重视围术期管理,积极采取合理的预防措施,降低胸腔感染的发生率。     

A review of intensive mode of delivery and science subjects in Australian universities

One response to the global trend of increasing rates of student participation in tertiary education has been for universities to increase the number of intensive mode of delivery subjects available. This phenomenon extends to science subjects. Embarking on offering an undergraduate science subject in intensive mode for the first time at the Australian case example university, it was essential to first learn about good pedagogical design and practice from other educational organisations. To achieve this, a website audit of Australian universities was undertaken in tandem with a critical review of the Australian and international literature on intensive mode of delivery. While it was found that a majority of Australian universities offer science subjects in intensive mode, these subjects were primarily at the postgraduate level of study. The literature focusing on intensive mode in science was minimal. It revealed definitional ambiguity and conceptual non-uniformity as well as a range of positive, negative and inconclusive results in relation to the academic and ‘real-world’ outcomes of intensive mode. This review identifies a need for evidenced-based empirical research into the pedagogy around intensive mode for undergraduate science subjects.     

儿童ICU与普通病房铜绿假单胞菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌在儿童重症监护病房（ICU）与普通病房的分布及耐药性差异,为临床合理、有效的治疗提供依据。方法分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2013年1月至2013年12月ICU及普通病房铜绿假单胞菌培养阳性患儿的年龄分布、菌株来源、抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 ICU和普通病房分别分离出82株和429株铜绿假单胞菌,年龄均小于2岁（70.73%和69.23%）,以痰标本来源（80.49%和64.80%）为主。ICU分离的铜绿假单胞菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率低于普通病房,对其余测试药物的耐药率均高于普通病房。ICU分离的铜绿假单胞菌中多重耐药菌55株（67.07%）,泛耐药菌44株（53.66%）,均明显高于普通病房（26.81%,3.26%）（P〈0.05）。结论铜绿假单胞菌是ICU常见的病原菌,具有多重耐药特性,加强耐药性监测,控制医院内感染,对临床医生选用有效的抗生素具有十分重要的意义。