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41.
The growth in the use of sustainability indicators and ratings in the real estate industry has been accompanied by strong criticism of the most commonly used rating systems designed to evaluate the sustainability performance of real estate developments. Most of these criticisms focus on the content of the different rating systems. A systematic evaluation of the methodologies of sustainability ratings is lacking. This article builds a framework that can be used to evaluate the methodologies of sustainability ratings and applies the evaluation framework to five widely used sustainability ratings for homes and communities (BREAAM, CASBEE, Estidama, Green Star, LEED). The evaluation results highlight three major shortcomings in the rating systems that have been evaluated. First, the systems lack unambiguous definitions of sustainability. They give insufficient explanation of why certain components are included in the ratings and on what basis these components have been accorded their weights. Second, the rating systems put more emphasis on sustainable design than performance, especially for the ratings for communities. Finally, the ratings are generally not responsive to local conditions of a project. Each rating system has its particular strengths and weaknesses and no system is superior on all dimensions. The proposed evaluation framework can be applied to sustainability ratings in different industries and is adaptable depending on stakeholder requirements. 相似文献
42.
Clifford S. Morrison William B. Armiger David R. Dodds Jonathan S. Dordick Mattheos A.G. Koffas 《Biotechnology advances》2018,36(1):120-131
Industrial enzymatic reactions requiring 1,4-NAD(P)H2 to perform redox transformations often require convoluted coupled enzyme regeneration systems to regenerate 1,4-NAD(P)H2 from NAD(P) and recycle the cofactor for as many turnovers as possible. Renewed interest in recycling the cofactor via electrochemical means is motivated by the low cost of performing electrochemical reactions, easy monitoring of the reaction progress, and straightforward product recovery. However, electrochemical cofactor regeneration methods invariably produce adventitious reduced cofactor side products which result in unproductive loss of input NAD(P). We review various literature strategies for mitigating adventitious product formation by electrochemical cofactor regeneration systems, and offer insight as to how a successful electrochemical bioreactor system could be constructed to engineer efficient 1,4-NAD(P)H2-dependent enzyme reactions of interest to the industrial biocatalysis community. 相似文献
43.
Sebastian Schuerlein Thomas Schwarz Steffan Krziminski Sabine Gätzner Anke Hoppensack Ivo Schwedhelm Matthias Schweinlin Heike Walles Jan Hansmann 《Biotechnology journal》2017,12(2)
Tissue Engineering (TE) bears potential to overcome the persistent shortage of donor organs in transplantation medicine. Additionally, TE products are applied as human test systems in pharmaceutical research to close the gap between animal testing and the administration of drugs to human subjects in clinical trials. However, generating a tissue requires complex culture conditions provided by bioreactors. Currently, the translation of TE technologies into clinical and industrial applications is limited due to a wide range of different tissue‐specific, non‐disposable bioreactor systems. To ensure a high level of standardization, a suitable cost‐effectiveness, and a safe graft production, a generic modular bioreactor platform was developed. Functional modules provide robust control of culture processes, e.g. medium transport, gas exchange, heating, or trapping of floating air bubbles. Characterization revealed improved performance of the modules in comparison to traditional cell culture equipment such as incubators, or peristaltic pumps. By combining the modules, a broad range of culture conditions can be achieved. The novel bioreactor platform allows using disposable components and facilitates tissue culture in closed fluidic systems. By sustaining native carotid arteries, engineering a blood vessel, and generating intestinal tissue models according to a previously published protocol the feasibility and performance of the bioreactor platform was demonstrated. 相似文献
44.
工业真菌是酶制剂的重要生产微生物,其菌种改良具有重要应用价值。综述了产酶工业真菌的应用、突变育种技术进展和高效产酶机制的分析策略,尤其是基于组学水平的基因组、转录组和蛋白质组的分析等,最后总结了高产机制在菌株改良上的应用。 相似文献
45.
Lipases are glycerol ester hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. Lipases catalyze esterification, interesterification, acidolysis, alcoholysis and aminolysis in addition to the hydrolytic activity on triglycerides. The temperature stability of lipases has regarded as the most important characteristic for use in industry. Psychrophilic lipases have lately attracted attention because of their increasing use in the organic synthesis of chiral intermediates due to their low optimum temperature and high activity at very low temperatures, which are favorable properties for the production of relatively frail compounds. In addition, these enzymes have an advantage under low water conditions due to their inherent greater flexibility, wherein the activity of mesophilic and thermophilic enzymes are severely impaired by an excess of rigidity. Cold-adapted microorganisms are potential source of cold-active lipases and they have been isolated from cold regions and studied. Compared to other lipases, relatively smaller numbers of cold active bacterial lipases were well studied. Lipases isolated from different sources have a wide range of properties depending on their sources with respect to positional specificity, fatty acid specificity, thermostability, pH optimum, etc. Use of industrial enzymes allows the technologist to develop processes that closely approach the gentle, efficient processes in nature. Some of these processes using cold active lipase from C. antarctica have been patented by pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. Cold active lipases cover a broad spectrum of biotechnological applications like additives in detergents, additives in food industries, environmental bioremediations, biotransformation, molecular biology applications and heterologous gene expression in psychrophilic hosts to prevent formation of inclusion bodies. Cold active enzymes from psychrotrophic microorganisms showing high catalytic activity at low temperatures can be highly expressed in such recombinant strains. Thus, cold active lipases are today the enzymes of choice for organic chemists, pharmacists, biophysicists, biochemical and process engineers, biotechnologists, microbiologists and biochemists. 相似文献
46.
The evaluation of habitats used by arctic birds on migration is crucial for their conservation. We explored the importance
of the eastern Chukchi Sea (ECS) as a staging area for king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) migrating between breeding areas in Siberia and western North America and wintering areas in the Bering Sea. We tracked
190 king eiders with satellite transmitters between 1997 and 2007. In late summer, 74% of satellite-tracked king eiders migrating
south staged in the ECS for 13 ± 13 (SD) days between late June and early November. During spring migration, king eiders staged
in the ECS between mid-April and early June for 21 ± 10 days. All instrumented birds migrating to breeding grounds in western
North America (n = 62), and 6 of 11 males migrating to breeding grounds in Siberia, used this area for at least 1 week during spring migration.
The importance of this staging area renders it possible that industrial development could adversely affect king eider populations
in both Siberia and North America. 相似文献
47.
Cristina S.C. Calheiros António O.S.S. Rangel Paula M.L. Castro 《Bioresource technology》2009,100(13):3205-3213
Industrial wastewater treatment comprises several processes to fulfill the discharge permits or to enable the reuse of wastewater. For tannery wastewater, constructed wetlands (CWs) may be an interesting treatment option. Two-stage series of horizontal subsurface flow CWs with Phragmites australis (UP series) and Typha latifolia (UT series) provided high removal of organics from tannery wastewater, up to 88% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (from an inlet of 420 to 1000 mg L−1) and 92% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (from an inlet of 808 to 2449 mg L−1), and of other contaminants, such as nitrogen, operating at hydraulic retention times of 2, 5 and 7 days. No significant (P < 0.05) differences in performance were found between both the series. Overall mass removals of up to 1294 kg COD ha−1 d−1 and 529 kg BOD5 ha−1 d−1 were achieved for a loading ranging from 242 to 1925 kg COD ha−1 d−1 and from 126 to 900 kg BOD5 ha−1 d−1. Plants were resilient to the conditions imposed, however P. australis exceeded T. latifolia in terms of propagation. 相似文献
48.
Tzu-Yi Pai S. C. Wang C. F. Chiang H. C. Su L. F. Yu P. J. Sung C. Y. Lin H. C. Hu 《Bioprocess and biosystems engineering》2009,32(6):781-790
Three types of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in which the online monitoring parameters served as the
input variable were employed to predict suspended solids (SSeff), chemical oxygen demand (CODeff), and pHeff in the effluent from a biological wastewater treatment plant in industrial park. Artificial neural network (ANN) was also
used for comparison. The results indicated that ANFIS statistically outperforms ANN in terms of effluent prediction. When
predicting, the minimum mean absolute percentage errors of 2.90, 2.54 and 0.36% for SSeff, CODeff and pHeff could be achieved using ANFIS. The maximum values of correlation coefficient for SSeff, CODeff, and pHeff were 0.97, 0.95, and 0.98, respectively. The minimum mean square errors of 0.21, 1.41 and 0.00, and the minimum root mean
square errors of 0.46, 1.19 and 0.04 for SSeff, CODeff, and pHeff could also be achieved. 相似文献
49.
50.