尖角突脐孢菌与化学除草剂混用防治稻田稗草效果的研究

用平板表面萌发法测定化学除草剂对尖角突脐孢菌菌株X27分生孢子萌发的影响,在温室研究该菌分生孢子干粉与化学除草剂的相互作用,在田间评价其混剂的除稗效果.结果表明,二氯喹啉酸和苄嘧磺隆对分生孢子的萌发影响不明显,其它除草剂均有不同程度的影响.在温室条件下,菌X27干粉与二氯喹啉酸混用具有明显的增效作用,与敌稗混用具有加成作用;在水田条件下,单用菌X27干粉防除稗草效果差,防效只有60%,而与低量的二氯喹啉酸混用,防效明显提高,达90%以上.     

两种温度下模拟氮沉降对陆稻与稗草竞争的影响

在昼/夜温度为35 ℃/25 ℃和30 ℃/20 ℃条件下,研究了模拟氮沉降对稗草和陆稻生长及竞争关系的影响.结果表明：35 ℃/25 ℃条件下,每年输入4 g·m^-2氮处理,稗草和陆稻地上部分生物量分别比对照增加29.18%和27.80％,稗草吸收氮和磷量分别增加87.33%和49.73%,而陆稻吸收氮和磷量无显著变化.在30 ℃/20 ℃条件下,每年输入2、4、6 g·m^-2氮处理后,稗草地上部分生物量分别比对照增加48.99％、72.68％和36.18％,分蘖数分别增加111.11％、122.22％和144.44％,稗草植株氮和磷吸收量分别增加108.88％、129.22%、134.29％和16.53％、65.05%、22.47%,而陆稻均无显著变化.在30 ℃/20 ℃条件下,氮沉降显著增加了稗草与陆稻地上部分生物量的比值,但在35 ℃/25 ℃条件下影响不显著.表明氮沉降增加可能会提高稗草而降低陆稻的竞争力,而且在温度较低的情况下,这种趋势更明显.     

尖角突脐孢菌在稗草和水稻上的萌发和侵染行为比较研究

本试验结合曲利苯兰和荧光素钠两种染色方法的优点,从显微角度研究了尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras)两个菌株X-27和HN-14在稗草和水稻上萌发和侵染行为的差异。结果表明,在寄主稗草上,接种4h后尖角突脐孢菌孢子开始从一端或两端萌发形成初生芽管;10h后芽管顶端膨大形成附着胞,附着在寄主表面,两端萌发的孢子约90%一端败育,仅一端形成成熟附着胞;在接种后24h内成熟附着胞形成率与接种时间成正相关,24h后趋于稳定;16h后在成熟附着胞下方受侵染的细胞内指状吸器开始形成,随后发育为掌状吸器;接种36h后菌丝在组织表面扩展形成网状,同时稗草叶片上显现叶斑病症状,部分菌丝能在细胞间蔓延扩展。在非寄主植物水稻上,同样观察到孢子萌发产生芽管,但是萌发起始时间滞后大约4h,初生菌丝分枝明显减少,且未能观察到附着胞和吸器的产生。     

Adaptive mechanism of Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi under salt stress: Effect of salicylic acid on salt sensitivity

Our previous study revealed that salicylic acid (SA) accumulates in salt-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) seedlings, and we hypothesized that the accumulation of SA might potentiate oxidative injury in rice seedlings since the inhibition of SA synthesis alleviated the growth inhibition under high salinity. To further clarify the action of SA under salt stress, we investigated the changes in the SA content, the activities of the antioxidative enzymes, and the effects of exogenous SA on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi), a gramineous weed which shows lower SA content and is more salt tolerant than rice. In E. crus-galli seedlings exposed to high salinity, neither free nor conjugated SA content showed any increase, while the fresh weight of the shoot and chlorophyll fluorescence (Φ_PSII) slightly decreased. When E. crus-galli seedlings were treated with salt after foliar application of SA, the absorbed SA resulted in the enhancement of the salt-induced growth inhibition and a striking reduction of the Φ_PSII value. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of E. crus-galli seedlings were induced by the salt treatment. However, SA pre-treatment suppressed such an induction of CAT activity and further promoted SOD activity, both of which led to the elevation of the leaf hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) level. The present results suggested that enlargement of the cellular SA pool facilitates the generation of H₂O₂ through the suppression of CAT activity and through a remarkable promotion of SOD activity, and thereby enhances the oxidative injury caused by salt stress.     

Bioactive steroids from Oryza sativa L

Rice is one of the most interesting crops in the world from both the social and the economic point of views. The monoculture practices along with the heavy use of herbicides are characteristic of modern agriculture and are inducing the appearance of tolerant and/or herbicide resistant weed biotypes. This is the case the world's main weed of rice barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Alternative strategies for weed suppression consist of the use of chemicals from rice due to necessity of obtaining new herbicides with new modes of action that could prevent resistance phenomena. In order to carry out a study that guides to the isolation of the most active compounds from rice, different extracts were achieved, and their activities evaluated. So, all the plant material was divided into three parts: fresh plant, dried plant, and fresh plant from Pluviotron. The aerial part was separated from roots in all cases and extracted in water, in organic solvents as well as with the Pluviotron device. The activity of the 12 extracts obtained was evaluated using a generalist bioassay, wheat etiolated coleoptiles bioassay, and a phytotoxic bioassay on barnyardgrass as target species. The bioactive extracts were fractionated and 15 compounds were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Eight of these compounds were isolated for the first time in Oryza sativa. The most phytotoxic compounds on E. crus-galli were ergosterol peroxide and 7-oxo-stigmasterol. In the case of ergosterol peroxide the activity was higher than the commercial herbicide Logran. This is the first report of potential allelopathic activity of steroids on weeds based on their phytotoxicity.     

Phytotoxic activity and conformational analysis of thymol analogs from Hofmeisteria schaffneri

Bioassay-guided fractionation of two phytotoxic extracts (a CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH (1:1) and an aqueous) prepared from the aerial parts of Hofmeisteria schaffneri led to isolation of thymol analogs 3-5, along with seven known compounds, 1, 2 and 6-10. Compounds 3-5 were identified by spectroscopic methods as 1,4-bis(2'-hydroxy-4'-methylphenyl)butane-1,4-dione (3), 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl (2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate (4) and 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)propane-1,3-diyl (2Z,2'Z)bis(2-methylbut-2-enoate) (5) and designated trivial names of hofmeisterins II-IV, respectively. Their conformational behavior was also studied by molecular modeling using density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/DGDZVP level. Compounds 1-4 and 6-10 significantly inhibited radicle growth of seedlings of Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Echinochloa crus-galli in the Petri dish bioassay with IC(50)'s10(-4)M. Furthermore, the northymol analog 3 provoked significant bleaching of seedlings of A. hypochondriacus. However, none of the isolates affected either seedling growth or germination of Medicago sativa.     

四倍体稗草的组织培养与快速繁殖

以筛选得到的四倍体稗草成熟胚作为外植体,进行了组织培养与快速繁殖技术的研究。结果表明:最佳外植体消毒方式为70%乙醇浸泡30 s+0.1%(w/v)的升汞消毒15 min。最佳诱导培养基为MS盐、DL维生素+2.5 mg/L 2,4-D+300 mg/L谷氨酰胺+500 mg/L脯氨酸+3%麦芽糖。将愈伤组织转入分化培养基(MS+50 mg/L肌醇+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L KT+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.25 mg/L IAA+3%麦芽糖)上,培养20 d后超过70%的愈伤组织分化成苗。将3-5 cm长的分化苗转入1/2 MS生根培养基进行生根培养。炼苗后,移入营养土与珍珠岩(2∶1)的基质中,移栽成活率高达90%以上。该体系的建立为稗草抗除草剂基因的功能验证提供了前提条件。     

三峡水库消落区4种一年生植物种子的水淹耐受性及水淹对其种子萌发的影响

稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、合萌(Aeschynomene indica)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)是三峡水库消落区常见的4种一年生植物。该研究旨在验证这4种植物的种子能否耐受三峡水库消落区的水淹环境及种子在消落区变化的环境中能否成功地萌发。将消落区按照吴淞高程标准划分为9个高程梯度(145-150 m、150-155 m、155-160 m、160-163 m、163-166 m、166-169 m、169-172 m、172-175 m和>175 m), 实地播种这4种植物的种子(或果实), 并将种子萌发划分为“有泥沙淤积于种子表面”和“无泥沙淤积于种子表面” 2组。观察在消落区水位变化(蓄水到退水)一个周期内种子能否耐受水淹及水淹对不同高程种子萌发的影响。结果发现: (1)稗、苍耳、合萌和水蓼的成熟种子(或果实)能够耐受三峡水库消落区的水淹环境并保持活力。(2)这4种一年生植物种子的萌发起始时间和萌发持续时间都随着高程的降低而逐渐缩短(p < 0.01); 高程169 m以下, 种子萌发的起始时间显著缩短(p < 0.01)。总体来看, 在同一高程区域内, 合萌种子的萌发起始时间略长一些, 苍耳次之, 水蓼最短。(3)对稗、苍耳和水蓼的种子而言, 萌发率随高程的降低总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。合萌的种子萌发率随高程的降低总体呈下降的趋势。(4)水淹过程中产生的泥沙淤积对种子萌发影响较小, 但是在一定程度上可以促进苍耳的种子萌发而抑制合萌的种子萌发。以上试验结果表明: 这4种一年生植物的种子(或果实)在三峡水库消落区变化环境中能够耐受水淹并成功地萌发, 可应用于三峡水库消落区的植被恢复和生态重建中。     

稗类(Echinochloa spp.)植物的开花生物学特性

对稗类（Echinochloa spp.）常见种类[稗Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.;无芒稗 E.crusgalli var.mitis(Pursh)Peterm.;西来稗E.crusgalli var.zelayensis(H.B.K.)Hitchc.;细叶旱稗E.crusgalli var.praticola Ohwi;旱稗E.hispidula(Retz.)Nees和光头稗E.colonum(L.)Link]的开花过程和节律,温度、光周期、晴天和阴雨天对其中部分稗类植物开花的影响以及套袋条件下无芒稗和旱稗的结实率进行了研究。结果表明,不同稗类植物的开花的过程基本相似,从颖壳微微张口到闭合大约需20－30min,但花约伸出颖壳后,散落花粉的过程很快,颖壳闭合后柱头外露率达100％。稗类植物每穗开花持续时间较长,一般为20－25d,随种类的不同略有变化;稗类植物每穗每天开花数量的变化趋势基本呈抛物线状,每天的开花比例变化较平缓,即使在开花高峰期,开花数也只占总数的10％－15％,开花高峰期因稗草种类的不同略有变化,但都在始花后11－15d左右。每日的开花节律为70％－80％的颖花在7：00之前开,15％－20％在7：00－8：30开,8：30之后零星开花,10：30尚未见开花。温度、光周期、晴天和阴雨天对开花都有一定的影响。不同条件下的结实率没有明显差异。     

从无芒稗花粉活力评价其与转基因抗除草剂水稻基因漂移的可能性

为给转基因抗除草剂水稻和稗草间的基因漂移研究提供必要的信息,探寻了无芒稗(Echinochloacrusgalli var.mitis)花粉活力及其测定的最佳方法,并利用该方法测定了无芒稗开花盛期后离体和活体条件下不同时间的花粉活力。结果表明无芒稗开花盛期取样离体条件下花粉活力下降较快,3 h后花粉活力只有5.41％,活体条件下花粉活力下降较慢,3 h后仍有17.31％的花粉有活力。这说明无芒稗花粉在水稻开花时仍有部分保持活力,因而存在潜在的基因漂移可能性。同时用最佳培养基法测定了不同条件处理下(紫外灯照射,反复冻融,黑暗放置)无芒稗花粉活力,结果表明无芒稗花粉在不利环境条件下活力难以保持。