番茄灰霉病拮抗内生放线菌的筛选、鉴定及其活性评价

对安徽省淮北市番茄植株根、茎、叶中内生放线菌进行了分离、筛选,并测定了其抑菌活性。结果表明:番茄根、茎和叶中的内生放线菌的数量分别为5.66×104、0.67×104和0.39×104CFU.g-1鲜重。根据分离部位和表型特征,从健康番茄植株体内分离到93株内生放线菌,通过对峙实验,筛选到7株对番茄灰霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,占所分离内生放线菌总数的7.5%。来自根组织中的菌株HNU-EA27的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径达28.3mm。根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁组分和16SrDNA序列分析,将菌株HNU-EA27鉴定为毒三素链霉菌(Streptomyces toxytricini)。室内测定菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对灰霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,结果表明:菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液可以抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强;当发酵滤液浓度为30%时则完全抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。盆栽防效试验结果表明:30%菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病的预防与治疗效果分别为80.6%和73.8%,均高于50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液。本研究表明,菌株HNU-EA27是防治番茄灰霉病潜在的优良生防菌株,具有良好的开发应用价值。     

短小芽孢杆菌AR03对烟草赤星病菌和白粉病菌的防治

采用对峙培养法、凹玻片法、LB琼脂培养基萌发法测定短小芽孢杆菌AR03对烟草赤星病菌和白粉病菌的抑制作用.结果表明： AR03菌液对2种病菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均有明显的拮抗作用;对赤星病菌的抑制作用表现为:经AR03菌液原液(3×10⁸cfu·mL^-1)处理的菌丝隔间变短、肿胀且集结成团,内含物聚集,菌丝顶端生长膨大畸形;经该菌液处理的赤星病菌分生孢子不萌发或萌发产生畸形芽管,分生孢子变形、肿大,纵横分隔部分的组织膨胀呈泡状.AR03菌液原液、30倍液和200倍液对白粉病菌分生孢子萌发的平板抑制率分别为100%、91.4%和 69.3%,菌液对分生孢子萌发的破坏作用表现为分生孢子不萌发,细胞肿胀变形、细胞原生质解体或收缩,孢子内、外壁分离,由于原生质外泄,一些分生孢子内部呈中空状.温室防治试验结果表明： 不同浓度AR03菌悬液处理对烟草白粉病的防治效果存在显著差异,第二次药后7和15 d,AR03菌液原液的防治效果分别达到83.8%和90.3%,与对照药剂差异不显著;而100倍稀释液的防效分别为70.0%和73.3%,与对照药剂差异显著.AR03菌株防治白粉病的持效期为30 d以上.     

二氯喹啉酸对稗草生长发育及生长素含量的影响

通过外施二氯喹啉酸、生长素处理,研究二氯喹啉酸对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli生长特性、蛋白浓度、过氧化物酶及超氧化物歧化酶活性、生长素含量的影响。结果表明,800 g·hm-2二氯喹啉酸处理24 h未对S型稗草的生长产生明显抑制,而二氯喹啉酸单独处理及外施IAA的二氯喹啉酸处理均能显著增加R型稗草鲜重。在不施药、二氯喹啉酸单独处理、二氯喹啉酸与IAA共同处理的条件下,R型稗草比S型稗草的蛋白浓度分别提高23.5%、29.8%和64.0%,R型稗草表现出较高的抗逆境耐受能力。经二氯喹啉酸处理后,两种生物型稗草SOD活性上升,POD活性下降。施外源IAA能提高S型稗草POD活性,而对R型稗草SOD、POD活性影响不显著。提高生长素含量可显著促进R型稗草的生长。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导抗性与敏感稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性的差异及机理

以遗传背景一致的抗二氯喹啉酸型和敏感型稗草为供试材料,分析了经外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)预处理后,稗草种群间应对二氯喹啉酸胁迫的抗性水平及4种内源激素含量的变化。结果表明: 外源MeJA处理可显著提高抗性稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性,而对敏感稗草的抗性影响不显著。供试稗草间植株体内生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)的含量及其变化幅度存在显著差异。二氯喹啉酸处理显著增加了稗草ABA、SA和JA的含量,且敏感稗草ABA和JA含量升高幅度明显高于抗性稗草;外源MeJA预处理能显著增强二氯喹啉酸对稗草ABA和JA含量的诱导,且敏感稗草变化幅度较大。表明敏感稗草较快的激素变化不利于其应对除草剂胁迫,抗性稗草相对平缓的激素变化赋予了其对除草剂的适应性,且MeJA处理增强了其对二氯喹啉酸的抗性。稗草植株体内ABA和JA激素信号在其抵抗二氯喹啉酸胁迫过程中可能发挥重要的生物学功能。     

蝉拟青霉LB菌株的生物学特性

本文研究碳源、氮源、温度、湿度、pH值和光照等对蝉拟青霉LB菌株生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,适合该菌株菌落生长和产孢的最佳碳源是可溶性淀粉和蔗糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度范围是25℃～27℃,产生分生孢子的最适温度是25℃;分生孢子萌发所需湿度范围是RH 90%～100%,当RH低于90%时很难萌发;在pH值4～10的范围内该菌能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH为6,产生分生孢子和孢子萌发最适pH范围为6-7;光照处理对该菌产孢有一定的影响;分生孢子的致死条件为55℃ 10min.生物学特性显示,蝉拟青霉LB菌株是一株对营养要求不高、对环境适应能力较强的昆虫病原真菌.     

新番茄粉孢菌Oidium neolycopersici生物学特性的研究

新番茄粉孢菌Oidium neolycopersici是近几年引起番茄白粉病的主要病原菌。在国内首次对该菌的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明：新番茄粉孢菌分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20－25℃,最适相对湿度范围为80%－100%,在水滴中不能萌发;该菌对光照条件和酸碱度的要求不严格,在pH3－12时其萌发率均能达到90%以上;在碳氮源利用方面,该菌分生孢子对各种碳源均能利用,以甘露糖和半乳糖效果最好;氮源以硝态氮（硝酸钾）为佳,铵态氮、有机态氮对其萌发有抑制作用;分生孢子萌发的致死温度为44℃ 10min。     

稗草主要生物学特性及其防除

本文概述了稗草(Echinochlon spp．)的生物学特性及其防除效果。试验证明稗草萌发的最低温度为12℃,稗草种子在充足的水分条件下,当有效积温达33.8—49.5℃(生物零度为10℃)时,出现田间稗草的发生高峰期。提出消除稗草要从秧田入手,并应掌握在稗草3叶期以前、化学防除应以药效期相吻合,才能达到预期的效果。通过试验对9种除草剂进行了综合评价,实践证明化学防除配套技术和农业措施协调应相结合,能有效地控制稻田稗草的危害。     

燕麦镰刀菌GD-2毒素对野燕麦的除草活性研究（英文）

评价了燕麦镰刀菌GD-2毒素对野燕麦的除草活性潜力。毒素对野燕麦种子萌发抑制试验表明,当毒素浓度达到5 mg/mL时,对野燕麦种子的萌发抑制效果达77.54%,在相同浓度下,对野燕麦种子胚根的抑制效果高于对胚芽的抑制效果。在温室条件下,毒素处理野燕麦植株后,各个不同处理野燕麦株高和地上部鲜重明显减少,然而,各处理间没有明显差异。用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇依次萃取燕麦镰刀菌发酵滤液并获得粗提物,其中正丁醇浸提物(5 mg/mL)在离体叶片实验中效果优于其他有机溶剂粗提物。此外,在毒素对10种植物的敏感性实验中,其中稗草和藜表现对燕麦镰刀菌毒素敏感。从燕麦镰刀菌中分离出3个除草活性化合物,且具有相同的紫外吸收峰。当前结果表明燕麦镰刀菌产生的毒素具有开发成为防除野燕麦生物源除草剂的潜力。     

粉红螺旋聚孢霉67‐1厚垣孢子生物学特性的研究

粉红螺旋聚孢霉(粉红粘帚霉)是多种植物病原真菌的重寄生菌,具有巨大的生防潜力。以实验室前期分离筛选的高效粉红螺旋聚孢霉67‐1菌株为材料,研究其厚垣孢子和分生孢子的生物学特性。结果表明,以厚垣孢子为接种体,其生长速度和菌丝鲜重与以分生孢子为接种体形成的菌落没有明显差异,但产孢水平提高6倍以上。粉红螺旋聚孢霉对高温和干燥的耐受程度较差,尤其分生孢子更为敏感。当加工温度范围在40–50℃时,厚垣孢子和分生孢子的活性存在显著差异(P<0.05)。菌株67‐1的厚垣孢子耐紫外线能力明显优于分生孢子。在无保护剂条件下,紫外灯照射60s,厚垣孢子活性保持在62.6%,是分生孢子活性1倍以上。土壤抑菌作用对真菌厚垣孢子的影响相对较小,24h孢子萌发率为47.2%,而分生孢子仅为4.6%。除了百菌清,菌株67‐1厚垣孢子对多种化学农药有较强的耐受力,在药剂田间使用浓度下,厚垣孢子萌发率均大于70%,其中对15%恶霉灵、1.8%阿维菌素和3%克百威的耐受力显著高于分生孢子(P<0.05),而对井冈霉素和两种杀虫剂没有显著提高。对菌株67‐1的寄生性测定结果表明,2种孢子对核盘菌菌核的寄生能力没有差异,菌核感染达到4级的占58.9%–60.0%。106/m L浓度厚垣孢子与分生孢子对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到65%以上,二者没有显著差异。     

数种农药对蚕豆根腐病的田间防效

在实验室内探讨了三唑酮,甲基硫菌灵,福美双,恶霜灵和甲霜灵等5种杀菌剂单用或混用对蚕豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,据此,在田间开展了杀菌剂拦种和杀菌剂与杀虫剂混用防治蚕豆根腐病的研究,第1年的结果表明,在11个处理中,三唑酮单独拌和效果最为显著,与对照相比,在0.01ga.i.kg^_1种子的剂量下,使6周龄植株的根腐病指数降低51.5%,成株累计死亡率减少36%,单株种子产量提高21%,每公顷种子产量增加97.6%,其他处理未取得显著防效,第2年开展的三唑酮拌种是防治蚕豆根腐病的有效措施之一。但杀菌拌种应与其他防治措施综合应用,方可取得更好的防治效果。     

Sensitivity of Echinochloa muricata and Echinochloa crus-galli to HPPD- and ALS-inhibiting herbicides in corn

Until recently Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya Wiegand (rough barnyardgrass), an alien species native to North America, was completely overlooked in Belgium due to its close morphological resemblance to Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass). E. muricata var. microstachya has gradually spread and is now locally naturalized and abundant in and along maize fields. One of the possible reasons for its expansion in maize fields, besides e.g. the lack of crop rotation, might be a lower sensitivity to postemergence herbicides acting against panicoid grasses, in particular 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. Dose-response pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effectiveness of four HPPD-inhibitor herbicides [topramezone (ARIETTA), mesotrione (CALLISTO), tembotrione (LAUDIS), sulcotrione (MIKADO) and the ALS-inhibitor herbicide nicosulfuron (KELVIN) for controlling local populations of E. crus-galli and E. muricata. Pots were planted with 25 seeds, thinned afterwards to 5 plants (one week after sowing) and irrigated by overhead sprinklers. Herbicides were applied at the 3-4 leaf stage (BBCH stage 13-14). Fresh biomass was harvested 28 d after treatment. In another dose-response pot experiment, the influence of leaf stage at time of herbicide application on efficacy of topramezone for (rough) barnyardgrass control was evaluated. Sensitivity to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides topramezone and sulcotrione was significantly lower for E. muricata populations than for E. crus-galli populations. However, nicosulfuron sensitivity of both species was similar. Compared to E. crus-galli, sensitivity of E. muricata to topramezone was more dependent on leaf stage. Due to the intragenus variability in sensitivity to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides, higher awareness is required for presence of E. muricata plants in maize fields in order to avoid insufficient "barnyardgrass" control.     

番茄灰霉菌拮抗放线菌LA-5的筛选及鉴定

利用稀释涂布法从番茄根际土壤中分离放线菌,并以番茄灰霉菌为靶标,利用对峙培养法和牛津杯法筛选拮抗放线菌,得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的放线菌LA-5.通过培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA 序列系统进化分析,将菌株LA-5初步鉴定为链霉菌.复筛结果显示,LA-5发酵滤液对番茄灰霉菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中100倍发酵滤液对孢子萌发抑制率和菌丝生长抑制率均在50%以上;受抑制菌落呈白色,气生菌丝萎缩稀疏,菌丝纤细、分支明显减少.离体防效试验显示,菌株LA-5发酵原液对番茄灰霉病防效可达83.4%.该菌株有望开发为防治番茄灰霉病的生防菌株.     

Effect of increased concentration of soil CO2 on intermittent flushes of seed germination in Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli

Soil-buried seeds of barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) germinated from April to June in three intermittent flushes. The later two flushes of germination occurred after heavy rainfall. Carbon dioxide concentration in soil air transiently increased to 30 dm³ m^–3 after the rainfall, probably due to the increase in soil temperature and water potential. Germination of exhumed seeds was stimulated by exposure to CO₂ at 30 dm³ m^–3. Fluctuating temperature, light, water, ethylene, and nitrate are known to promote seed germination in many species. However, of these environmental factors, within ranges found in the field, only CO₂ was effective in enhancing the germination of barnyardgrass seeds. We conclude that soil CO₂ is responsible for causing intermittent flushes of germination. Detection of vegetation gaps may be explained by the responsiveness of buried seeds to CO₂.     

二氯喹啉酸诱导稗草EcDnaJ基因表达

DnaJ作为分子伴侣在植物抗逆中起重要作用. 但目前在二氯喹啉酸逆境下,其在抗药性稗草中表达特点却鲜有报道. 本研究采用RACE技术从抗二氯喹啉酸稗草中克隆了1个DnaJ基因, 命名为EcDnaJ1 (GenBank登录号：JX518598), 其cDNA全长为2 154 bp, 开放阅读框为1 350 bp,编码449 个氨基酸, 理论分子量为48.4 kD, 等电点为9.5. 该蛋白质氮端含有1个保守的J结构域, 中部含有4个模式为CxxCxGxG的锌指结构. Real-time PCR分别测定EcDnaJ1在二氯喹啉酸抗性和敏感的稗草生物型苗期叶、根及成株期根、茎、叶和种子中的表达, 在感、抗生物型的相对表达量分别是0.8～20.9和7.4～30.2, 其中在抗性稗草苗期叶片中相对表达量最高为30.2, 而在敏感稗草种子中最低为0.8, 抗性稗草是敏感稗草的1.4～9.2 倍. 受二氯喹啉酸诱导后, 其在感、抗稗草的相对表达量分别为35.8～72.5和84.9～261.9, 在抗性稗草苗期叶片中相对表达量最高为261.9, 而在敏感稗草的种子中相对表达量最低为35.8, 抗性稗草是敏感稗草的2.4～3.6 倍. 诱导前后, 无论是在苗期根和叶中还是成株期的根、茎、叶和种子中, EcDnaJ1表达量均是抗性稗草高于敏感稗草. 抗、感稗草生物型的EcDnaJ1在mRNA水平差异表达暗示,它可能参与了稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性.     

中国主要农区稻田稗草分类与多样性研究

将采自中国15个省和1个直辖市的206份稗属（Echinochloa）植物种子分别播种在相同栽培条件下,获得了206份子代样本及其21项形态性状数据,基于这些形态性状对206份稗属植物样本进行了聚类和主成分分析。结果表明：（1）从206份稗属植物样本中鉴别出了形态性状相对一致的8个分类群（G1-G8）,依次对应于湖南稗子（Echinochloa frumentaceae,2份样本）、水田稗（E.oryzoides,5份）、细叶旱稗（E.crus-galli var.praticola,6份）、硬稃稗（E.glabrescens,14份）、光头稗（E.colona,2份）、长芒稗（E.caudata,16份）、孔雀稗（E.cruspavonis,8份）、稗复合群（稗原变种E.crus-galli var.crus-galli、稗的变种无芒稗var.mitis、短芒稗var.breviseta和西来稗var.zelayensis,共150份）,还有3份样本没有聚合成组。它们依次占总样本量的0.97%、0.97%、2.42%、2.91%、3.88%、7.77%、6.80%、72.81%和1.46%,反映出中国主要农区稻田稗属植物主要以稗及其变种为主;（2）单因素方差分析表明,9个数量性状,包括叶长、叶宽、圆锥花序长度、总状花序长度、小穗芒长、小穗长度、第1颖长度/小穗长度、主茎直径和株高,在稗属植物的8个分类群（G1-G8）之间有显著差异;（3）根据8个分类群之间的形态性状特点及差异,给出了鉴别中国主要农区稻田稗属植物的分种检索表;（4）由于细叶旱稗具有总状花序简单、小穗无芒、叶较宽、植株高大、小穗紫黑色等独特形态性状,在206份稗属植物样本的聚类图上单独聚成一组,故建议将细叶旱稗作为独立种处理。     

Chemical composition and inhibitory activity of essential oil from decaying leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora

A study was undertaken to explore the content and composition of volatile oil from decaying leaves of lemon-scented eucalypt (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.) not analyzed earlier. GC and GC-MS analysis of the oil (yield 0.6%) revealed the monoterpenoid nature with citronellal (52.2%), citronellol (12.3%) and isoisopulegol (11.9%) as the major constituents. Overall, 17 components were identified that accounted for over 94% of the decaying leaf oil. Surprisingly, the decaying leaf oil contained nearly 1.8% of trans-rose oxide, which is generally absent in eucalypt essential oil. Decaying leaf oil and its major 2 components (citronellal and citronellol) inhibited the germination and root elongation of two weeds--Cassia occidentalis (broad-leaved) and Echinochloa crus-galli (grassy weed). Based on the dose-response studies, I50 values were determined for decaying leaf oil and the effect was more on germination only of broad-leaved weed (C. occidentalis), whereas that of citronellal and citronellol were on germination as well as root length of E. crus-galli (grassy weed). Based on I50 values it was observed that citronellal was more phytotoxic and germination inhibiting in nature, whereas citronellol was a more potent root inhibitor, thereby indicating a possible different mode of action. The study concludes that decaying leaf oil hold a good commercial value for exploitation as weed management agent.     

Biological control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) with a Fusarium sp.

Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroidesG.) has become a serious weed in different crops in China. A fungal pathogen was found in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces and was identified as a species in the Fusarium genus. The fungus produced macroconidia and chlamydospores abundantly on potato sucrose agar (PSA) plates. The bestconidial production and germination and colonygrowth of Fusarium sp. were at 23–31°C and pH 6.7–7.0. Light period and flooding did not affect fungal growth and conidium formation. The herbicides, glyphosate and paraquat, inhibited the fungal development in vitro. The fungus did not affect seed germination and seedling growth of paddy rice, wheat, maize, oilseed rape and broad bean inlaboratory or greenhouse trials. Inoculum density and wetness duration influenced the efficiency of Fusarium sp. to control alligatorweed; a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁵ spores^–1 ml and 12 h of high humidity duration after inoculation produced goodinfections on the weed at 23°C in the laboratory. When the fungus was applied to alligatorweed grown in greenhouse and in the field, good biocontrol efficiency was obtained: the plants started to wilt after four to five (greenhouse) or six days (field), and were killed 9–10 (greenhouse) or 13–14 (field) days after spraying the fungal inoculum. This was similar to the control efficiency resulting from glyphosate treatment. Therefore, this Fusarium sp. appeared to be a good candidatefor further studies and a promising biocontrol agent to manage alligatorweed in some terrestrial and aquatic crops.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation, simulated or as natural sunlight, on conidium germination and appressorium formation by fungi with potential as mycoherbistats

Solar radiation, particularly its UV wavelengths, greatly influences conidium survival and this study looked at the impact of radiation and its interactions with temperature on Plectosporium alismatis and Colletotrichum orbiculare, two fungi that are potential mycoherbistats. UV radiation, rather than temperature, was found to be the primary cause of conidium mortality; however, there were interactions between these factors leading to the enhancement of the lethal effects of UVB on conidium germination at high temperatures. C. orbiculare was more sensitive than P. alismatis with conidium germination being halved by UVB doses of 1.47 and 13.1 kJ m^-2, respectively, for the two pathogens. Conidium mortality was dose-dependent and for P. alismatis exposed to a dose of 3.7 kJ m^-2 reciprocity was observed. However, for C. orbiculare equivalent doses were not reciprocal as higher doses for short periods were more lethal than lower doses of longer duration. Low UVB doses only caused delays in conidium germination, whereas higher doses killed conidia and caused delays in the germination of any survivors. Radiation also affected appressorium formation. Appressorium formation was stimulated by UVA and was dose dependent with P. alismatis requiring a higher dose than C. orbiculare to initiate formation. Microcycle conidiation by P. alismatis was observed following exposure to sunlight. This knowledge of how conidia of these potential mycoherbistats react to climate suggests that rapid conidium germination and appressorium formation could be achieved by manipulation of the time at which they are applied in the field. Conidia could be applied so that they receive sufficient UVA to stimulate appressorium formation but without receiving a dose that would significantly affect conidium germination. However, for this, additional protection from UVB may be needed.