高强度聚焦超声在药物控制释放的应用及进展

高强度聚焦超声能够以一种非侵入性的方式有效地穿透身体内部组织,聚焦在深层组织中一个很小的空间区域内,产生很强的声能,这些能量被组织吸收引起局部温度的升高。当温度到达热敏脂质体的相变温度时,磷脂烷基链构象的会发生改变,导致脂质体的通透性增强,从而能够促进药物的释放。因此,高强度聚焦超声可以被用作外源刺激控制体内特定位置热敏脂质体的药物释放。本文对高强度聚焦超声在药物控制释放领域的应用及进展进行综述。     

Cold chain and virus‐free chloroplast‐made booster vaccine to confer immunity against different poliovirus serotypes

The WHO recommends complete withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) type 2 by April 2016 globally and replacing with at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). However, high‐cost, limited supply of IPV, persistent circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses transmission and need for subsequent boosters remain unresolved. To meet this critical need, a novel strategy of a low‐cost cold chain‐free plant‐made viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit oral booster vaccine after single IPV dose is reported. Codon optimization of the VP1 gene enhanced expression by 50‐fold in chloroplasts. Oral boosting of VP1 expressed in plant cells with plant‐derived adjuvants after single priming with IPV significantly increased VP1‐IgG1 and VP1‐IgA titres when compared to lower IgG1 or negligible IgA titres with IPV injections. IgA plays a pivotal role in polio eradication because of its transmission through contaminated water or sewer systems. Neutralizing antibody titres (~3.17–10.17 log₂ titre) and seropositivity (70–90%) against all three poliovirus Sabin serotypes were observed with two doses of IPV and plant‐cell oral boosters but single dose of IPV resulted in poor neutralization. Lyophilized plant cells expressing VP1 stored at ambient temperature maintained efficacy and preserved antigen folding/assembly indefinitely, thereby eliminating cold chain currently required for all vaccines. Replacement of OPV with this booster vaccine and the next steps in clinical translation of FDA‐approved antigens and adjuvants are discussed.     

Plant‐based oral vaccines against zoonotic and non‐zoonotic diseases

The shared diseases between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases and spread infectious diseases among humans. Zoonotic diseases are not only a major burden to livestock industry but also threaten humans accounting for >60% cases of human illness. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have been reported to originate from zoonotic pathogens. Because antibiotics are frequently used to protect livestock from bacterial diseases, the development of antibiotic‐resistant strains of epidemic and zoonotic pathogens is now a major concern. Live attenuated and killed vaccines are the only option to control these infectious diseases and this approach has been used since 1890. However, major problems with this approach include high cost and injectable vaccines is impractical for >20 billion poultry animals or fish in aquaculture. Plants offer an attractive and affordable platform for vaccines against animal diseases because of their low cost, and they are free of attenuated pathogens and cold chain requirement. Therefore, several plant‐based vaccines against human and animals diseases have been developed recently that undergo clinical and regulatory approval. Plant‐based vaccines serve as ideal booster vaccines that could eliminate multiple boosters of attenuated bacteria or viruses, but requirement of injectable priming with adjuvant is a current limitation. So, new approaches like oral vaccines are needed to overcome this challenge. In this review, we discuss the progress made in plant‐based vaccines against zoonotic or other animal diseases and future challenges in advancing this field.     

徒手转胎纠正128 例头位难产的临床效果观察

目的:探讨应用徒手转胎术纠正头位难产的临床效果,为提高经阴道分娩的成功率提供参考。方法:选取2014年6月-2015年12月我院收治的128例头位难产患者作为研究对象,随机为研究组和对照组,每组64例。对照组在第二产程初期采用胎头吸引术,研究组患者通过徒手旋转胎头术调整胎头方位。观察并比较两组产后出血量、第二产程时间及新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)评分。结果:研究组患者阴道自然分娩成功率(95.31%)高于对照组(73.44%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组产后出血量和第二产程时间均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组新生儿NBNA评分高于对照组,但两组之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:徒手转胎术与胎头吸引术两种干预方式对新生儿行为神经的影响无明显区别,但徒手转胎术可以有效缩短头位难产产妇的产程,并能显著提高阴道分娩率,有益于母婴的预后,值得临床推广应用。     

Calorimetric study on pH-responsive block copolymer grafted lipid bilayers: rational design and development of liposomes

This study is focused on chimeric advanced drug delivery nanosystems and specifically on pH-sensitive liposomes, combining lipids and pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymers. Chimeric liposomes composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and two different forms of block copolymers, i.e. poly(n-butylacrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PnBA-b-PAA) at 70 and 85% content of PAA at six different molar ratios, each form respectively. PAA block exhibits pH-responsiveness, because of the regulative group of –COOH. –COOH is protonated under acidic pH (pK_a ca. 4.2), while remains ionized under basic or neutral pH, leading to liposomes repulse and eventually stability. Lipid bilayers were prepared composed of DPPC and PnBA-b-PAA. Experiments were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to investigate their thermotropic properties. DSC indicated disappearance of pre-transition at all chimeric lipid bilayers and slight thermotropic changes of the main transition temperature. Chimeric liposomes have been prepared and their physicochemical characteristics have been explored by measuring the size, size distribution and ζ-potential, owned to the presence of pH-responsive polymer. At percentages containing medium to high amounts of the polymer, chimeric liposomes were found to retain their size during the stability studies. These results were well correlated with those indicated in the DSC measurements of lipid bilayers incorporating polymers in order to explain their physicochemical behavior. The incorporation of the appropriate amount of these novel pH-responsive block copolymers affects thus the cooperativity, the liposomal stabilization and imparts pH-responsiveness.     

Behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers to fish carrion: a preliminary study

Observations of the behavioural responses of near-shore marine scavengers to fish carrion were made at two depths (1–2 m, 16–18 m). Gobies and juvenile whelks were the most numerous scavengers, but appeared to consume little biomass. The first scavengers to appear at carrion (seconds/minutes) were swimming forms, later (minutes) joined by fast-moving, crawling portunid crabs. Large scavengers (crabs/starfish/catsharks) arrived after tens of minutes/hours. Scavengers were ‘direct feeders’ on the bait (crabs and some fish) or ‘indirect feeders’ (gobies and whelks) on scraps generated by direct feeders. Scavengers spent little time in aggression. While fish spent relatively low proportions of their time feeding (e.g. Lipophrys pholis: 2.2–15.8%), crabs fed almost continuously (e.g. Carcinus maenas: 97.8–99.3%) before leaving baits. Crab presence depressed fish feeding. Crabs were wasteful feeders that macerated the baits, generating scraps for indirect feeders and attracting more scavengers. Large scavengers consumed most bait.     

奥美拉唑不同给药方式治疗新生儿应激性溃疡的效果分析

目的:探讨奥美拉唑不同给药方式治疗新生儿应激性溃疡的临床效果及安全性。方法:选取2014年1月～2018年6月我院收治的应激性溃疡新生儿61例,根据随机数字表法分为两组,对照组患儿给予奥美拉唑0.6 mg/kg胃管注入治疗,观察组患儿给予奥美拉唑2 mg/kg持续24 h微泵静脉滴注。比较两组患儿的临床治疗效果、临床症状缓解时间、止血时间、胃肠喂养开始时间、p H值和不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组患儿的临床总有效率比较无统计学差异(P0.05);观察组患儿临床症状消失时间和止血时间均显著短于对照组(P0.05),喂养开始时间≤24 h的患儿比例高于对照组,喂养开始时间≥72 h的患儿比例显著低于对照组(P0.05),pH值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患儿治疗期间均未发生恶心、呕吐、便秘、皮疹等不良反应,且肝肾功能未受明显影响。结论:2 mg/kg奥美拉唑持续24 h微泵静脉滴注与0.6 mg/kg胃管注入治疗的临床总有效率相当,但微泵静脉滴注可显著提高患儿的pH值,缩短临床症状恢复时间、止血时间和胃肠喂养开始时间,且安全性高。