A Preliminary Study on Vegetation and Climate Changes in Dianchi Lake Area in the Last 40000 Years

This paper presents results of pollen analysis on sediments of core Cao 2 from Dianchi Lake. Four pollen zones are defined, namely zone I, which is further divided into four subzones, zone Ⅱ, zone Ⅲ and zone Ⅳ. Zone Ⅰ(ca. 47600–11800 yrs B. P.) is characterized by low land pollen sedimentation rates and constant presence of Abies pollen. In zone Ⅱ (ca. 11800–6900 yrs B. P.) broad-leaved tree pollen increases and Abies pollen gradually disappears. In zone Ⅲ (ca. 6900–3800 yrs B. P.) evergreen broad-leaved-tree pollen and total land pollen influx reach their maximum values while, Tsuga pollen decreases. Zone Ⅳ shows a great decreases in pollen influx of various pollen types and a increase in Monolete psilate spores. In the past 40000 years vegetation in this area trend changes from a dominantion of coniferous tree to an evergreen broad-leaved forest, co-existing or mixing deciduous broadleaved forest and coniferous forest. In the past 3800 years, due to climate changes and / or human activities, the vegetation cover in this area has been greatly reduced. The above vegetation changes indicate a climate change process from cool and humid, to warm and humid and finally to mild and dry.     

Nestedness theory suggests wetland fragments with large areas and macrophyte diversity benefit waterbirds

Many artificial wetland constructions are currently underway worldwide to compensate for the degradation of natural wetland systems. Researchers face the responsibility of proposing wetland management and species protection strategies to ensure that constructed wetlands positively impact waterbird diversity. Nestedness is a commonly occurring pattern for biotas in fragmented habitats with important implications for conservation; however, only a few studies have focused on seasonal waterbird communities in current artificial wetlands. In this study, we used the nestedness theory for analyzing the annual and seasonal community structures of waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi (China) to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We carried out three waterbird surveys per month for one year to observe the annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter waterbird assemblages in 27 lakeside artificial wetland fragments. We used the NeD program to quantify nestedness patterns of waterbirds at the annual and seasonal levels. We also determined Spearman partial correlations to examine the associations of nestedness rank and habitat variables to explore the factors underlying nestedness patterns. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing nestedness. Further, selective colonization was the key driver of nestedness in autumn and winter waterbirds. We suggest that the area of wetland fragments should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be maximized to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should focus on the least area criterion and that vegetation management of artificial wetland construction should be based on the notion of sustainable development for humans and wildlife.     

圈养条件下滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥的食物选择

食物对滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥(Latin ridibundus)的影响受到普遍关注.为18只红嘴鸥提供2～6种食物连续圈养4个周期共28 d后放飞,以探讨其食物选择特点.结果表明:1红嘴鸥偏爱新鲜的泥鳅、小鱼、小虾等,但也取食干鱼,以及面包、专用饲料、白菜等;2红嘴鸥昼夜取食,全天食物总消耗量随食物类别增多而增加,为14.4～118.6 g/d,平均(62.67±30.10)g/d,但受取食行为及食物可口性的影响;3红嘴鸥有群体取食特点,少数个体的取食诱导,导致某种食物或者某天的食物日消耗量增大;④改变食物构成时,红嘴鸥要经过1～2 d的取食试探才能正常取食,短期饥饿弱化了这种试探过程;⑤食物不是影响越冬红嘴鸥体重的惟一因素,圈养提供了充足的食物但其体重减少,而同期野外红嘴鸥的体重则从274 g增加到369 g.作者认为,在滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥取食大量面包和专用饲料是对食物短缺胁迫的适应.     

Application of Bayesian network including Microcystis morphospecies for microcystin risk assessment in three cyanobacterial bloom-plagued lakes,China

Microcystis spp., which occur as colonies of different sizes under natural conditions, have expanded in temperate and tropical freshwater ecosystems and caused seriously environmental and ecological problems. In the current study, a Bayesian network (BN) framework was developed to access the probability of microcystins (MCs) risk in large shallow eutrophic lakes in China, namely, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, and Dianchi Lake. By means of a knowledge-supported way, physicochemical factors, Microcystis morphospecies, and MCs were integrated into different network structures. The sensitive analysis illustrated that Microcystis aeruginosa biomass was overall the best predictor of MCs risk, and its high biomass relied on the combined condition that water temperature exceeded 24 °C and total phosphorus was above 0.2 mg/L. Simulated scenarios suggested that the probability of hazardous MCs (≥1.0 μg/L) was higher under interactive effect of temperature increase and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) imbalance than that of warming alone. Likewise, data-driven model development using a naïve Bayes classifier and equal frequency discretization resulted in a substantial technical performance (CCI = 0.83, K = 0.60), but the performance significantly decreased when model excluded species-specific biomasses from input variables (CCI = 0.76, K = 0.40). The BN framework provided a useful screening tool to evaluate cyanotoxin in three studied lakes in China, and it can also be used in other lakes suffering from cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis.     

湖泊生态缓冲带识别与生态系统服务价值评估——以滇池为例

湖滨带及环湖区域是发挥湖泊生态功能的关键区域,湖泊生态缓冲带建设是生态系统服务功能提升和湖泊生态保育的重要手段。基于原地产污贡献、单位面积价值当量因子和GIS分析等方法,以滇池为例识别湖泊生态缓冲带并评估生态系统服务价值。结果表明：(1)滇池生态缓冲带识别划定出山体型缓冲带、农田型缓冲带、村落型缓冲带、城镇型缓冲带和湿地型缓冲带等5种类型,上边界和下边界长度为171.50km和127.55km,平均宽度为349.49m,总面积为38.12km²;其中湿地型占主,缓冲带宽度处于20—825m之间,面积为10.31km²、占比27.05%;(2)2000—2020年环滇池区域生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势,价值总量由12.40亿元降低至7.78亿元;价值等级以低等级和中等级别为主,多期评估显示二者占比处于70.21%—77.66%之间;外海北岸和草海区域生态系统服务价值降低最为明显,反映出城镇建设等人类活动的影响;(3)环滇池区域湿地型、林地型和草地型三种情景模拟对生态系统服务价值分别提升58.87%、21.08%和17.48%,湿地型情景下水文...     

土地利用变化对滇池流域生态系统服务价值的影响

随着社会经济的快速发展,土地利用变化日趋剧烈,对生态系统及其服务价值产生重要影响,探究土地利用变化与生态系统服务价值之间的定量响应关系,对区域生态环境建设具有重要意义。以2010年和2016年滇池流域土地利用数据为基础,基于生态系统服务价值核算体系,定量评估了滇池流域土地利用变化及其转化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：(1)2010年和2016年滇池流域生态系统服务价值分别为688.16亿元和729.31亿元,6年间增加了41.15亿元。从各地类的生态系统服务价值来看,由大到小排序为林地>水域>耕地>建设用地>草地>裸地。(2)2010—2016年,滇池流域土地利用变化的剧烈程度由强到弱为建设用地>耕地>草地>林地>裸地>水域,耕地和建设用地的土地利用动态度较高,其中耕地面积减少了52.71km²,建设用地面积增长了93.25km²。(3)2010—2016年,滇池流域土地利用相互间的转化导致生态系统服务价值增加了3.88亿元,其中耕地、草地、城镇用地和裸地面积的变化增加了生态系...     

云南滇池濒危特有种滇池金线鲃繁殖初报

滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)是滇池湖泊生态系统的指示物种和特有种。因水质污染和外来物种入侵等因素的影响,该鱼类自1986年起就从湖体中消失,仅有湖周围的少数龙潭中尚保存有少量滇池金线鲃。至2007年3月初,有两次繁殖试验取得了成功。先后试验了5尾雌鱼和6尾雄鱼,获得鱼卵约1600粒,并实施干法受精。约有1320粒受精,平均受精率为73%。孵化出鱼苗约480尾,平均孵化率为36%。经10天饲养,约有95%以上的鱼苗存活,体长达8-12mm。滇池金线鲃人工繁殖成功的意义有三点:能有效保护该物种免于灭绝;繁殖的鱼苗放归湖泊合适水域,将有助于恢复滇池的土著生物多样性;有助于推动当地水产养殖业从非土著鱼类养殖向土著鱼类养殖的方向转变。     

入侵生物金苹果螺在滇池流域的首次记（英文）

2004年10月,中国科学院昆明动物研究所首次发现金苹果螺(Pomacea canaliculata)入侵重要的水源保护区嵩明白邑黑龙潭。金苹果螺起源于中南美洲,在亚洲,它通过有意或无意的传播而逐渐扩散到菲律宾、越南、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、马来西亚、印尼、巴布几内亚、韩国、日本和中国的南部。金苹果螺已成为水稻产区的最大害虫,给农业生产带来巨大的损失。为防止金苹果螺在云南扩散,目前已经实施了严格的预防、控制措施,同时开展了公众保护教育宣传活动。     

滇池微囊藻病毒溶藻的研究

微囊藻在养殖中有时会发生藻体溶解现象 ,其特征为藻体在生长旺盛期时如有病毒污染会迅速将藻体彻底溶解 ,由绿色变为清澈的淡黄色或无色透明状。此种病状尚无文献报道。因此 ,对此病状进行了分离及电镜观察和核酸分析。分离的噬藻体有 2种形态 ,一种呈蝌蚪型 ,具有多面体的头部和长而不收缩的长尾。头部 6 0 .9nm× 6 1.4nm ,尾部 2 88nm× 10nm。另一种头部呈多面体 ,尾部明显短 ,有 2个刺突状结构 ,头部5 6nm× 5 5nm ,尾部 15 6nm× 12nm。噬藻体核酸经酶解证明为DNA ,分子量均在 2 9.8× 10 6u。     

濒危植物永瓣藤的种群结构及与环境的关系

基于相邻格子法调查资料,分析了安徽省南部山区——祁门县棕里村次生灌丛、毛竹林、杉木林和马尾松林4种类型群落中永瓣藤种群的基径、结构以及环境因子对其种群特征的影响.结果表明：不同群落中永瓣藤种群的平均基径依次为毛竹林(10.5 mm)＞马尾松林(9.1 mm)＞杉木林(7.2 mm)＞次生灌丛(7.0 mm),其中次生灌丛、杉木林与毛竹林、马尾松林之间的差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).不同群落中永瓣藤种群的结构有一定差异,次生灌丛和马尾松林群落的径级呈非典型的金字塔型分布,为稳定型种群;毛竹林群落属于纺锤形,以中等级别个体最多,种群处于衰退的早期阶段;杉木林群落属于典型金字塔型,永瓣藤幼苗数量最多.棕里村永瓣藤种群的存活曲线属于Deevey Ⅱ,为增长型种群,未出现衰退迹象.永瓣藤适于生长在海拔低、土壤含水量和有机质含量高、坡度缓和、乔木层盖度较高的生境中,频繁的人为干扰将对其种群更新产生不良影响.最后就有关永瓣藤的保护提出了一些建议.