Deep learning prediction of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in African Americans by copy number variation

Current understanding of the underlying molecular network and mechanism for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is lacking and incomplete. Previous studies suggest that genomic structural variations play an important role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. For effective modeling, deep learning approaches have become a method of choice, with ability to predict the impact of genetic variations involving complicated mechanisms. In this study, we examined copy number variation in whole genome sequencing from 116 African Americans ADHD children and 408 African American controls. We divided the human genome into 150 regions, and the variation intensity in each region was applied as feature vectors for deep learning modeling to classify ADHD patients. The accuracy of deep learning for predicting ADHD diagnosis is consistently around 78% in a two-fold shuffle test, compared with ∼50% by traditional k-mean clustering methods. Additional whole genome sequencing data from 351 European Americans children, including 89 ADHD cases and 262 controls, were applied as independent validation using feature vectors obtained from the African American ethnicity analysis. The accuracy of ADHD labeling was lower in this setting (∼70–75%) but still above the results from traditional methods. The regions with highest weight overlapped with the previously reported ADHD-associated copy number variation regions, including genes such as GRM1 and GRM8, key drivers of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling. A notable discovery is that structural variations in non-coding genomic (intronic/intergenic) regions show prediction weights that can be as high as prediction weight from variations in coding regions, results that were unexpected.     

祛瘀散烫疗对髋部骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓预防效果观察

目的观察中药制剂祛瘀散烫熨术对髋部骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的预防价值。方法选取髋部骨折术后患者100例,随机分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组患者术后按常规方法护理,观察组患者术后在常规护理基础上于术后24h拔除引流管后加用中药祛瘀散对术肢进行烫熨,观察比较两组患者术前、术后组内及组间血浆D-二聚体指标变化情况。结果两组患者术前血浆D-二聚体比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后两组患者血浆D-二聚体比较,观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论中药制剂祛瘀散烫熨术对髋部骨折术后下肢DVT形成有预防作用,可降低术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的风险,减少髋部骨折术后并发症的发生。     

The Succession of Bacterial Community Structure in Groundwater from a 250-m Gallery in the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory

We investigated the change in bacterial community structure after drilling boreholes, 09-V250-M02 and 09-V250-M03, in the 250-m deep research gallery of the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory. In the 09-V250-M02 borehole, ?-Proteobacteria were predominantly detected in the clone library analyses of the groundwater samples conducted immediately after drilling. All the ?-Proteobacteria clones were closely related to Arcobacter spp., which are known to be sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria. After 4 years, the microbial structure drastically changed, and most detected operational taxonomic units were uncultured species such as candidate division OP9 and Chloroflexi relatives, which are frequently detected in deep sea sediments. The results indicated that the microbial community structure was drastically affected by borehole drilling and was concomitant with oxidation perturbation. However, these disturbed microbial communities changed within a few years to a microbial community composed of uncultivated species such as OP9 and Chloroflexi.     

深海热液区微生物矿化过程的功能群和分子机制

深海热液区富含铁、锌、铜等含金属矿物(硫化物、氧化物、碳酸盐等)和无机小分子气体(H_2S、H_2、CO_2、CH_4等),具有独特的生态系统。微生物是深海热液生态系统的主要生产者和重要组成,并以控制矿化和诱导矿化两种途径参与了深海热液区的生物地球化学循环。在深海热液区存在着不同类型的微生物参与了生物矿化过程,如硫氧化菌、金属氧化菌、硫还原菌和金属还原菌等。本文详述了这些微生物参与的生物矿化现象、菌群多样性和矿化过程的分子机制,并对研究微生物矿化的研究工作进行了展望。     

血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班预防下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成疗效及对患者血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班预防下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的疗效及对患者血液流变学的影响。方法:选取2012年4月到2015年7月西安医学院第一附属医院收治的125例下肢骨折术后患者,随机分为对照组63例和观察组62例,对照组患者给予血栓通治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上给予利伐沙班治疗。观察两组治疗前后DVT发生率、血清D-二聚体(DD)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)以及高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血液流变学指标包括红细胞压积(HTC)、全血黏度(WBV)和纤维蛋白原的变化以及用药安全性。结果:术后3周,观察组DVT的总发生率为9.7%(6例),显著低于对照组的44.4%(28例),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的血清DD、Hcy、hs-CRP、HTC、WBV以及纤维蛋白原水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且观察组该6个指标显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,观察组的不良反应发生率为9.68%,对照组为7.94%,两组间比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班可有效减少DVT的发生并改善患者的血液高凝状态,是一种预防下肢骨折术后DVT形成的有效方案。     

富氢盐水对高压电烧伤大鼠微循环内红细胞流速及组织病理损伤的影响

目的:探讨富氢盐水对高压电烧伤大鼠微循环内红细胞流速及组织病理损伤的影响。方法:80只大鼠随机分为四组,分别为烧伤组、治疗组、对照组和阳性对照组,治疗组烧伤后给予富氢盐水治疗,阳性对照组给予罂粟碱溶液治疗。每组分成三个亚组用于血气分析,肺组织形态学观察和红细胞流动速度检测。结果:治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠肺组织湿干重比均显著低于烧伤组(P0.05),治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠肺组织湿干重比差异不显著(t=0.585,P0.05)。治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠生存时间均显著高于烧伤组(P0.05),治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠生存时间差异不显著(t=0.448,P0.05)。治疗组和阳性对照组氧分压均显著高于烧伤组(P0.05);治疗组和阳性对照组氧分压差异不显著(t=0.424,P0.05)。治疗组和阳性对照组二氧化碳分压均显著低于烧伤组(P0.05);治疗组和阳性对照组二氧化碳分压差异不显著(t=1.285,P0.05)。治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠红细胞流动速度分压均显著高于烧伤组(P0.05);治疗组和阳性对照组之间大鼠红细胞流动速度差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:富氢盐水能够促进烧伤大鼠微循环内红细胞的流动,改善微循环,恢复受损肺组织,在高压电烧伤患者的治疗方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Investigation of optical attenuation imaging using optical coherence tomography for monitoring of scars undergoing fractional laser treatment

We demonstrate the use of the near‐infrared attenuation coefficient, measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in longitudinal assessment of hypertrophic burn scars undergoing fractional laser treatment. The measurement method incorporates blood vessel detection by speckle decorrelation and masking, and a robust regression estimator to produce 2D en face parametric images of the attenuation coefficient of the dermis. Through reliable co‐location of the field of view across pre‐ and post‐treatment imaging sessions, the study was able to quantify changes in the attenuation coefficient of the dermis over a period of ～20 weeks in seven patients. Minimal variation was observed in the mean attenuation coefficient of normal skin and control (untreated) mature scars, as expected. However, a significant decrease (13 ± 5%, mean ± standard deviation) was observed in the treated mature scars, resulting in a greater distinction from normal skin in response to localized damage from the laser treatment. By contrast, we observed an increase in the mean attenuation coefficient of treated (31 ± 27%) and control (27 ± 20%) immature scars, with numerical values incrementally approaching normal skin as the healing progressed. This pilot study supports conducting a more extensive investigation of OCT attenuation imaging for quantitative longitudinal monitoring of scars.

En face 2D OCT attenuation coefficient map of a treated immature scar derived from the pre‐treatment (top) and the post‐treatment (bottom) scans. (Vasculature (black) is masked out.) The scale bars are 0.5 mm.     

Coral reef crisis in deep and shallow reefs: 30 years of constancy and change in reefs of Curacao and Bonaire

Coral reefs are thought to be in worldwide decline but available data are practically limited to reefs shallower than 25 m. Zooxanthellate coral communities in deep reefs (30–40 m) are relatively unstudied. Our question is: what is happening in deep reefs in terms of coral cover and coral mortality? We compare changes in species composition, coral mortality, and coral cover at Caribbean (Curacao and Bonaire) deep (30–40 m) and shallow reefs (10–20 m) using long-term (1973–2002) data from permanent photo quadrats. About 20 zooxanthellate coral species are common in the deep-reef communities, dominated by Agaricia sp., with coral cover up to 60%. In contrast with shallow reefs, there is no decrease in coral cover or number of coral colonies in deep reefs over the last 30 years. In deep reefs, non-agaricid species are decreasing but agaricid domination will be interrupted by natural catastrophic mortality such as deep coral bleaching and storms. Temperature is a vastly fluctuating variable in the deep-reef environment with extremely low temperatures possibly related to deep-reef bleaching. An erratum to this article can be found at