The phylogenetic composition and structure of soil microbial communities shifts in response to elevated carbon dioxide

One of the major factors associated with global change is the ever-increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂. Although the stimulating effects of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on plant growth and primary productivity have been established, its impacts on the diversity and function of soil microbial communities are poorly understood. In this study, phylogenetic microarrays (PhyloChip) were used to comprehensively survey the richness, composition and structure of soil microbial communities in a grassland experiment subjected to two CO₂ conditions (ambient, 368 p.p.m., versus elevated, 560 p.p.m.) for 10 years. The richness based on the detected number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly decreased under eCO₂. PhyloChip detected 2269 OTUs derived from 45 phyla (including two from Archaea), 55 classes, 99 orders, 164 families and 190 subfamilies. Also, the signal intensity of five phyla (Crenarchaeota, Chloroflexi, OP10, OP9/JS1, Verrucomicrobia) significantly decreased at eCO₂, and such significant effects of eCO₂ on microbial composition were also observed at the class or lower taxonomic levels for most abundant phyla, such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria, suggesting a shift in microbial community composition at eCO₂. Additionally, statistical analyses showed that the overall taxonomic structure of soil microbial communities was altered at eCO₂. Mantel tests indicated that such changes in species richness, composition and structure of soil microbial communities were closely correlated with soil and plant properties. This study provides insights into our understanding of shifts in the richness, composition and structure of soil microbial communities under eCO₂ and environmental factors shaping the microbial community structure.     

川西亚高山三种天然次生林土壤微生物多样性变化特征

开展川西亚高山相似土壤母质背景下天然次生林土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性探究,可加深次生林更新过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化的认知。选取川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的3种天然次生林（槭-桦阔叶林,ABB;桦-槭-冷杉针阔混交林,BAA;岷江冷杉林,AFF）,分析林下表层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落结构变化及其影响因素,结果显示：（1）3种林型土壤细菌Chao1和Shannon指数均极显著高于真菌,但仅真菌群落的Shannon指数差异显著,表现为BAA > ABB > AFF;（2）细菌群落优势门主要为变形杆菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门,相对丰度占比超过82%;真菌群落则为子囊菌门和担子菌门,占比超过85%,AFF担子菌门相对丰度最高而子囊菌门最低。（3） RDA分析显示,土壤pH和乔木物种多样性（Shannon指数）是影响微生物群落结构变化的主导因子;土壤养分元素对细菌群落影响不显著,真菌群落主要受TN、TP含量显著影响。总体上,林型间乔木层物种多样性、土壤酸碱度及其氮磷含量是导致微生物群落结构变化的关键因素。     

人参种植对林地土壤细菌群落结构和代谢功能的影响

揭示人参种植对土壤微生物群落结构和代谢功能的影响,对防治人参连作障碍具有重要的理论意义。利用高通量测序技术研究了林地和由林地开垦耕种人参3a和4a后土壤微生物群落结构和代谢功能的变化。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是林地和人参种植土壤微生物的主要优势类群。林地开垦种植人参后,土壤放线菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度显著增加,土壤酸杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低;而土壤微生物多样性指数明显降低。除趋势对应分析(DCA)显示不同种植a限人参的土壤微生物群落结构存在明显差异。Tax4Fun功能预测表明,人参种植后土壤微生物的萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物代谢与信号转导功能的相对丰度显著降低,而膜转运功能的相对丰度增加。典范对应分析(CCA)和Partial Mantel Test分析表明,土壤速效钾、全钾含量和土壤pH值是影响土壤微生物群落结构的重要因子。因此,林地开垦种植人参对土壤微生物群落结构、多样性以及代谢功能产生了显著影响,土壤速效钾、全钾含量和pH值是影响土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素。     

基于高通量测序的禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

麋鹿的采食、躺卧和践踏行为均会对栖息地土壤环境造成影响,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。利用高通量测序技术,分析江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区禁牧点和补饲点土壤细菌和真菌群落结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质探究禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明细菌群落的优势菌门为变形菌门,真菌群落的优势菌门为子囊菌门。禁牧改变了土壤微生物群落结构,在门水平上提高了变形菌门、放线菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门和子囊菌门的相对丰度,禁牧点与补饲点土壤微生物群落多样性的相似性较低。冗余分析中,细菌受土壤环境因子的影响大于真菌,其中土壤pH是影响细菌和真菌群落最大的土壤环境因子。研究揭示了禁牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,为保护区制定麋鹿生境恢复方案提供参考。     

Target region selection is a critical determinant of community fingerprints generated by 16S pyrosequencing

Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes allows for in-depth characterization of complex microbial communities. Although it is known that primer selection can influence the profile of a community generated by sequencing, the extent and severity of this bias on deep-sequencing methodologies is not well elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that the hypervariable region targeted for sequencing and primer degeneracy play important roles in influencing the composition of 16S pyrotag communities. Subgingival plaque from deep sites of current smokers with chronic periodontitis was analyzed using Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing using 4 primer pairs. Greater numbers of species were detected by pyrosequencing than by Sanger sequencing. Rare taxa constituted nearly 6% of each pyrotag community and less than 1% of the Sanger sequencing community. However, the different target regions selected for pyrosequencing did not demonstrate a significant difference in the number of rare and abundant taxa detected. The genera Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas and Treponema were abundant when the V1-V3 region was targeted, while Streptococcus, Treponema, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter and Enterococcus predominated in the community generated by V4-V6 primers, and the most numerous genera in the V7-V9 community were Veillonella, Streptococcus, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Treponema, Catonella and Selenomonas. Targeting the V4-V6 region failed to detect the genus Fusobacterium, while the taxa Selenomonas, TM7 and Mycoplasma were not detected by the V7-V9 primer pairs. The communities generated by degenerate and non-degenerate primers did not demonstrate significant differences. Averaging the community fingerprints generated by V1-V3 and V7-V9 primers provided results similar to Sanger sequencing, while allowing a significantly greater depth of coverage than is possible with Sanger sequencing. It is therefore important to use primers targeted to these two regions of the 16S rRNA gene in all deep-sequencing efforts to obtain representational characterization of complex microbial communities.     

罗氏沼虾亲虾越冬池中不同基质上微生物群落多样性分析

【目的】了解罗氏沼虾亲虾越冬时循环养殖系统对水质的调控效果,探明其中微生物群落的作用。【方法】采集循环养殖系统运行88 d后的越冬池池水、池中人工水草(普通纤维膜)以及外置式生物滤器中的纳米纤维膜等3种不同基质上的微生物,利用DNA抽提、PCR扩增和定量以及高通量Mi Seq测序技术等对3种不同基质上的微生物进行16S r RNA基因序列V4-V5区的测定和分析,并根据测序得到的双端测序读长(Pair-end reads)进行质量控制和过滤,之后进行操作分类单元(OTU)聚类分析,并基于OTU对微生物群落的多样性指数和群落结构进行分析;每3-4 d对越冬池池水水质进行监测。【结果】养殖池塘的水质保持在良好的状态,其中氨氮和亚硝氮浓度控制在0.17±0.08 mg/L和0.28±0.15 mg/L;不同基质上的微生物组成和多样性都不相同。在3种基质上共检测并鉴定出细菌64种,隶属于9门64属,包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿菌门(Chlorobi)。从属水平上对3种基质上的细菌进行分析,发现养殖池水中含量最高的为丛毛单菌科下的一个未分类类群(Comamonadaceae_unclassified),其也是3种基质的共有优势类群;普通纤维膜上为Inhella,纳米纤维膜上则是小纺锤状菌属(Fusibacter)。3种基质上细菌群落多样性顺序为:纳米纤维膜普通纤维膜养殖池水。通过对亲虾越冬养殖全过程的水质监测,发现越冬期间亲虾池水质始终保持在良好状态,并且在循环水系统开启约40 d后水质达到了相对稳定的状态。【结论】通过在育苗池中悬挂人工水草,配合内含纳米纤维膜的外置式生物滤器,可使罗氏沼虾越冬亲虾池保持良好的水质。随着新型材料科学的发展,开发出适用于水产养殖业的滤料很有必要。     

微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥中细菌群落结构的影响

以猪粪和小麦秸秆做堆肥试验,处理组添加外源微生物菌剂,利用常规方法对堆肥样品进行理化性状测定,采用高通量测序技术分析堆肥过程中细菌群落特征。理化性状测定结果表明: 添加外源菌剂可延长堆肥高温时间,降低堆肥发酵末期的pH,增加全氮含量,加快C/N的下降。主成分分析表明: 外源菌剂影响堆肥样品细菌群落的稳定性。门分类水平上,厚壁菌门、变形菌门和绿弯菌门的相对丰度在处理组中较高;纲分类水平上,梭状芽孢杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲在处理组的升温期和高温期相对丰度增加;科分类水平上,小单孢菌科和梭状芽孢杆菌纲的消化链球菌科、梭菌科以及盐厌氧菌科的相对丰度在处理组的升温期和高温期均呈上升趋势。Pearson相关性分析表明,盐胞菌属与外源菌剂呈显著正相关,而氨苄芽孢杆菌属与外源菌剂呈显著负相关。研究表明,猪粪堆肥中添加外源菌剂可使堆肥的理化性质和细菌群落结构均发生显著变化。     

Bacterial Diversity in the Metal-Rich Terrestrial Deep Subsurface Sediments of Krishna Godavari Basin,India

Abstract

Krishna Godavari (KG) basin, located in the eastern continental margin of India, is a geological region well known for the abundance of economically important minerals. However, less is known about the microbial ecology of its subsurface sediments. The present study is the first report on the comprehensive culture-independent census of bacterial communities of deep subsurface of KG basin and their relationship with the geochemical environment. Elemental and mineralogical characterization of the sediments highlighted the presence of carbon and nitrogen deprived conditions along with the abundance of metalliferous minerals, especially rich in valuable elements like zirconium, vanadium, cesium, and rare earth elements. Diversity analysis based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform revealed the predominance of Firmicutes (44.24%), Proteobacteria (34.17%), Bacteroidetes (15.18%), and Actinobacteria (3.81%) in the deep subsurface of this basin. ‘Abundant’ and ‘rare’ sub-communities analysis indicated that a large number of phyla like Acidobacteria, Armatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus were exclusively present as a rare community. Statistical analyses demonstrated that geochemical parameters, especially depth, pH, and metal content, showed significant influence on the microbial community structure. The present study should help future investigations for microbial mediated sustainable utilization of mineral-rich sediments of the region.     

In Situ Cultivation of Subsurface Microorganisms in a Deep Mafic Sill: Implications for SLiMEs

An in situ culturing device was incubated within a flowing borehole in a mafic sill at 1.474 km depth in Evander Au mine, South Africa. The device was designed to enrich methanogenic, Fe^{3 +}-reducing and SO₄ ^{2 ?}-reducing microorganisms using acetate, formate, methanol, Fe^{3 +}-citrate and SO₄ ^{2 ?} enriched agar and sand cartridges. At the end of the 33 day incubation geochemical analyses detected elevated H₂, acetate, CH₄ and Fe concentrations and depleted SO₄ ^{2 ?} concentrations. 16S rDNA sequences and PLFA analyses revealed that the microbial community composition of the substrate-bearing cartridges were distinct from that of the original borehole water and the non-substrate-bearing control cartridge. 16S rDNA and dissimilatory sulfite reductase, dsrAB, gene sequences indicated the device successfully targeted SO₄ ^{2 ?} reducing bacteria (SRB), which were not detected in the original borehole water. 16S rDNA sequences also revealed a shift in the microbial community from one relying on H₂ based methanogenesis to one suggestive of H₂ based acetogenesis supporting aceticlastic methanogenesis and SO₄ ^{2 ?} reduction compatible with the subsurface lithoautotrophic hypothesis.     

不同药用植物根际土壤原核微生物多样性研究

为研究不同药用植物根际土壤中的原核微生物多样性,分别采集白术(Atractylodes macrocephala)、白芍(Paeonia sterniana)、牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)、玄参(Scrophularia ningpoensis)四种药用植物的根际土壤以及非种植区的土壤,针对16S rRNA基因的V3～V4区进行测序,分析土壤细菌群落的组成。结果表明,药用植物根际土壤中的细菌群落多样性指数显著高于非种植区土壤。五组样本的优势类群差异不大,总体相对丰度较高的有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等,药用植物根际中的放线菌相对丰度高于非种植区。属水平上四种药用植物根际细菌和非种植区的群落结构有较大差异,四种中药材的根际土壤中各自富集了特异性的有益细菌属。药用植物根际土壤中的NMD1、Dongia、Gaiella、Streptomyces等相对丰度高于非种植区,而非种植区土壤中Lysoba...     

不同水稻组织内生细菌的群落多样性

[目的]为详细了解水稻不同组织内生细菌群落多样性。[方法]对宁粳43号内生细菌的总DNA提取后,采用高通量测序技术对水稻内生细菌的16S rRNA基因进行了序列测定,分析了水稻不同组织部位内生细菌群落结构特征。[结果]叶部共获得内生细菌OTUs 610个,茎部411个,根部174个。物种分类显示,叶部内生细菌种类隶属于22门40纲103目198科399属,其中优势类群是红球菌属（Rhodococcus）和乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）,它们的相对丰度分别为21.00%和9.19%;茎部内生细菌种类隶属于19门31纲85目169科306属,其中优势类群是红球菌属和罗尔斯通菌属（Ralstonia）,它们的相对丰度分别为19.25%和13.52%;根部内生细菌种类隶属于9门19纲44目82科140属,其中优势类群是肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和埃希氏杆菌属（Escherichia）,它们的相对丰度分别为81.13%和10.89%。根茎叶中相同的OTU有78个,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）与大多数细菌具有相关性。根系内生细菌中具有调控各种代谢网络功能的物种丰度高于茎部和叶部。[结论]不同水稻组织内生细菌具有丰富的群落多样性,其中叶部的内生细菌物种最丰富,根系参与各种代谢调控的细菌丰度最高,各个组织部位的优势菌属各不相同,变形菌门是最重要的水稻内生细菌。     

海南东寨港红树林不同植被土壤微生物群落结构比较

【目的】比较不同植被下红树林土壤细菌和古菌的多样性及群落结构,认识红树林土壤微生物资源多样性。【方法】直接提取红树林土壤总DNA,采用细菌通用引物27F/1492R和古菌通用引物Arch21F/Arch958R进行PCR扩增,构建细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因文库,对海南东寨港自然保护区秋茄林、无瓣海桑林和无红树林裸滩土壤的细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构进行分析和比较。【结果】3种土壤样品的细菌类群包括变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)等16个类群,其中变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)与绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)是优势类群;古菌包括6个嗜泉古菌界(Crenarchaeota)类群和7个广域古菌界(Euryarchaeota)类群,分别以Marine Benthic Group C、Marine Benthic Group D为优势类群。多样性指数(H’)和物种丰富度指数(Schao1)表明,本地种秋茄林下土壤细菌和古菌的多样性指数最高,外来种无瓣海桑显著低于秋茄林,甚至明显低于相邻无红树林裸滩沉积物;不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌群落结构存在显著差异,秋茄林土壤微生物群落结构和无红树林裸滩沉积物更相似。【结论】红树林土壤微生物类群丰富,不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构存在显著差异。     

The Denitrification Characteristics of Pseudomonas stutzeri SC221-M and Its Application to Water Quality Control in Grass Carp Aquaculture

To reduce ammonium and nitrite in aquaculture water, an isolate of the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri, SC221-M, was obtained. The effects of various nitrogen and carbon sources, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen and temperature on bacterial growth, denitrification rates and the expression levels of nirS and nosZ in SC221-M were studied. The following conditions were determined to be optimal for growth and denitrification in SC221-M: NaNO₂ as the nitrogen source, sodium citrate as the carbon source, a carbon to nitrogen ratio range of 4–8, and a temperature range of 20–35°C. Subsequently, SC221-M and the Bacillus cereus BSC24 strain were selected to generate microbial preparations. The results showed that addition of the microbial preparations decreased various hydrochemical parameters, including total dissolved solids, ammonium, nitrite, total nitrogen and the chemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen removal rates were highest on day 9; the removal rates of BSC24, SC221-M, a mixed preparation and a 3× mixed preparation were 24.5%, 26.6%, 53.9% and 53.4%, respectively. The mixed preparation (SC221-M+BSC24) was more effective at removing nitrogen than either the SC221-M or BSC24 preparation. Roche 454 pyrosequencing and subsequent analysis indicated that the control and other groups formed separate clusters, and the microbial community structure in the water changed significantly after the addition of microbial preparations. These results indicate that the addition of microbial preparations can improve both the water quality and microbial community structure in an experimental aquaculture system. P. stutzeri strain SC221-M and its related microbial preparations are potential candidates for the regulation of water quality in commercial aquaculture systems.     

北京市妫水河底泥微生物群落结构特征

微生物对外界环境变化较为敏感,常被作为指示生物用于监测和反映水质情况。为满足延庆世园会和冬奥会举办对妫水河水质的调控要求,探讨妫水河底泥微生物群落结构特征及环境因子对其分布的影响。基于妫水河12个不同断面的水样和底泥样品,进行了水质、底泥理化性质分析,并对底泥的微生物群落结构特征进行了研究。结果表明,妫水河中、下游水体水质COD、NH~+_4-N、TN超标,其中上覆水TN含量与底泥TN含量呈极显著正相关(P=0.914);MiSeq高通量测序发现,妫水河底泥微生物共检出70门228纲1168属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)是妫水河底泥微生物群落结构中的主要菌门,在各个样品中相对丰度之和均占84%以上,其中变形菌门为第一优势门,占比达到45.3%—69.1%,而不同断面样品的优势菌属有所不同。妫水河底泥微生物群落丰度总体较高,多样性也相对较高,其中世园段D7点Ace丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均较其他点位低,分别为2673和6.56。RDA(redundancy analysis)分析表明,底泥氨氮和温度是影响其微生物群落结构的主要因子(F=2.92,P=0.038;F=2.81,P=0.014),妫水河底泥的优势反硝化菌属为脱氮单孢菌属和硫杆状菌属,其丰度与NH~+_4-N、水温呈正相关,同时与DO呈负相关。研究结果对妫水河水生态环境保护和水质管理提供数据支撑及理论指导意义。     

Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Bacterial Communities in Alluvial Groundwater of the Nakdong River Bank

As a collaborative effort to characterize a pilot test site for managed aquifer recharge (MAR), vertical and horizontal distributions of microbial communities in the river bank subsurface were investigated to assess the ecological effects after the operation of the MAR using the river water adjacent to the site. Along with a geochemical analysis, barcoded pyrosequencing was performed using the genomic DNAs extracted from the subsurface groundwater/sediment samples retrieved from three multilevel wells among the installed cluster of 14 boreholes. A total of 9 samples from 3 depths (10, 15–25, and 33 m below the ground surface) of each borehole showed higher bacterial abundance and diversity in the shallow (10 m) depths than in the deep (33 m) groundwater. In addition, there was a slight separation of the microbial communities between the depths based on the nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis of the Yue and Clayton distance and the distance-weighted UniFrac analysis. The phylum Proteobacteria was dominant in all the samples at the sequence abundance of 64.0–97.8% with the total operational taxonomic units of 3375 at the species level, while among the total 288 genera, the genus Pseudomonas and an unclassified genus from Betaproteobacteria were the most abundant across the samples. The community separation between the shallow and the deep groundwater seemed to be correlated with depth differences, supported by differences in the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). In the study site, unusually high values of electrical conductivity (EC) were found in the deep groundwater, but those values were unlikely to contribute to the community separation between the shallow and deep groundwater, unlike the DO and ORP values, which were found to influence the community differences.     

沙颍河下游城市黑臭内河沉积物微生物群落季节变化特征

为了研究沙颍河下游城市黑臭内河不同季节沉积物微生物群落特征,对安徽省阜阳市黑臭内河中清河、七渔河表层沉积物进行16S rDNA高通量测序。结果发现:黑臭河流中沉积物的微生物多样性指数均不高,但是表现出一定的变化规律,即春季>冬季≥夏季>秋季;通过冗余性分析发现微生物多样性受季节与沉积物pH影响较显著。分析沉积物门水平上的微生物群落结构发现,季节、温度、TN及SOM对微生物影响较大。变形杆菌、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门等优势菌门的相对丰度在季节水平上存在差异,春季厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度较高,其中绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门是已知指示污染的微生物,变形杆菌门相对较少。秋季疣微菌门与拟杆菌门相对丰度显著减小,变形杆菌门相对其他季节显著增加。样品中共发现16个硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)菌属,其中Desulfoprunum是丰度最高的菌属。春季沉积物中SRB的类群最多,相对丰度最大;硫酸盐还原菌群与SO42-、TN、SOM、Cl–等呈显著正相关。上述结果为营养盐控制时机的选择从而有效避免河流中黑臭物质的产生提供了一定参考。     

Molecular analysis of prokaryotic diversity in the deep subsurface of the former Homestake gold mine,South Dakota,USA

A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out to study the prokaryotic diversity in two soil samples collected from the subsurface (1.34 km depth) of the former Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota, USA at two sites, the Ross shaft and number 6 Winze. Microbial community analyses were performed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes retrieved directly from soil samples. Geochemical characterization of soils revealed high amount of toxic metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and U at both the sites. Phylogenetic analyses showed that soil samples were predominantly composed of phylotypes related to phylum Proteobacteria. Other phyla detected in libraries were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OP10 and TM7. The majority (>95%) of the phylotypes retrieved in the libraries were most closely related to environmental sequences from yet-uncultured bacteria representing a hitherto unidentified diversity. The archaeal communities at both the sites exhibited lower diversity and were most closely affiliated to uncultivated species within the Crenarchaeota. Results showed the existence of diverse microbial populations in deep subsurface environment of the Homestake gold mine. Statistical analyses demonstrated that each site harbored phylogenetically distinct microbial populations that were more diverse at Ross site compare to winze site.     

人工湿地对抗生素复合污染的净化效果及微生物群落响应

为研究人工湿地对氟喹诺酮类(FQs)、磺胺类(SFs)、四环素类(TCs)抗生素的净化性能及微生物群落的响应,以运行多年的单层及多层(3层、6层)基质结构的水平潜流人工湿地为对象,分别采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法和高通量测序来检测抗生素含量和微生物菌落结构,分析对比分层结构湿地系统中3类8种抗生素的去除规律、对常规污染物去除的影响以及系统微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:人工湿地对FQs、磺胺噻唑、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、氧四环素表现出较好的去除效果(>95%),相同条件下,对磺胺嘧啶和四环素去除效果较差(61.9%~66.8%)。多层结构湿地系统对抗生素的平均去除率较单层结构湿地提高3.2%。抗生素的加入使湿地系统对COD、NH4₊^-N的去除效果略有增加,平均去除率分别提高了18.5%和16.5%,却使TP的平均去除率下降(降低了28.6%)。FQs、SFs和TCs抗生素加入后,3个湿地系统的平均Shannon指数由5.80降到4.66,平均Simpson指数由0.017增加到0.063。主要优势门Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes不变,其余优势门(Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Verrucomicrobia和Acidobacteria)主次位置发生改变。优势属结构出现明显变化,反硝化菌Acinetobacter、Aquabacterium和Pseudomonas丰度显著升高,且取代除磷菌Dechloromonas和Flavobacterium成为主要优势菌属。     

Characterization of bacterial diversity to a depth of 1500 m in the Outokumpu deep borehole, Fennoscandian Shield

This paper demonstrates the first microbiological sampling of the Outokumpu deep borehole (2516 m deep) aiming at characterizing the bacterial community composition and diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in Finnish crystalline bedrock aquifers. Sampling was performed using a 1500-m-long pressure-tight tube that provided 15 subsamples, each corresponding to a 100-m section down the borehole. Microbial density measurements, as well as community fingerprinting with 16S rRNA gene-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, demonstrated that microbial communities in the borehole water varied as a function of sampling depth. In the upper part of the borehole, bacteria affiliated to the family Comamonadaceae dominated the bacterial community. Further down the borehole, bacteria affiliated to the class Firmicutes became more prominent and, according to 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, dominated the bacterial community at 1400-1500 m. In addition, the largest number of bacterial classes was observed at 1400-1500 m. The dsrB genes detected in the upper part of the borehole were more similar to the dsrB genes of cultured SRBs, such as the genus Desulfotomaculum, whereas in the deeper parts of the borehole, the dsrB genes were more closely related to the uncultured bacteria that have been detected earlier in deep earth crust aquifers.     

沙坡头地区凋落物分解及其对土壤微生物群落的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工固沙植被区典型植物种凋落物(小画眉草、藓类、油蒿叶片)为对象,运用凋落物分解袋法和高通量测序技术,分析了3种植物凋落物分解特征及其对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明: 分解时间和凋落物类型均显著影响分解速率,藓类分解最慢,13个月后质量损失比仅为15.4%,油蒿叶片和小画眉草的平均分解速率分别是藓类的4.9和3.4倍。经过11个月的分解,细菌群落的优势菌门为放线菌门和变形菌门,真菌群落的优势菌门是子囊菌门;藓类分解过程中,拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门的相对丰度显著增加,担子菌门的相对丰度显著降低。凋落物分解后,细菌和真菌群落物种多样性和丰富度显著增加,细菌群落组成在凋落物间变化不显著,真菌群落变化显著。凋落物的分解速率与细菌和真菌群落多样性及丰富度均呈负线性变化。植物多糖、全磷和土壤pH、微生物生物量氮、铵态氮含量是影响微生物群落结构的主要因子。凋落物分解改变了土壤微生物群落物种组成和种间相似性,显著增加了土壤中微生物群落的多样性和丰富度,促进了土壤生境的恢复。