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排序方式: 共有435条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
52.
We propose a new physical mechanism of cortical rotation generation in one-cell embryos of amphibians based on a phase transition in the ensemble of microtubules localized to the cortical region of the cell interior. Microtubules, protein polymers formed from tubulin heterodimers, are highly negatively charged, which results in strong electrostatic interactions over tens of nanometers, even in the presence of counterions that partially screen electrostatic interactions. A simplified model that offers a plausible representation of these effects is based on the Ising Hamiltonian, which has been robustly applied to explain a wide range of order-disorder transitions in physics, chemistry and other sciences. An Ising model phase transition, especially with the supercooperative flow alignment effect of global rotation of the cortex, provides an alternative to models of cortical rotation based on microtubule polymerization or motor molecules. Insofar as there is any reality to the concept that microtubules are involved in consciousness, we propose that cortical rotation in the one-cell embryo is a better place to look for the purported microtubule entanglement or coherence properties than the adult brain. 相似文献
53.
This paper reports the results of computer modeling of microtubules that end up in the cortical region of a one-cell amphibian embryo, prior to the first cell division. Microtubules are modeled as initially randomly oriented semi-flexible rods, represented by several lines of point-masses interacting with one another like masses on springs with longitudinal and transverse stiffness. They are also considered to be space-filling rods floating in a viscous fluid (cytoplasm) experiencing drag forces and buoyancy from the fluid under a variable gravity field to test gravitational effects. Their randomly distributed interactions with the surrounding spherical container (the cell membrane) have a statistical nonzero average that creates a torque causing a rotational displacement between the cytoplasm and the rigid cortex. The simulation has been done for zero and normal gravity and it validates the observation that cortical rotation occurs in microgravity as well as on Earth. The speed of rotation depends on gravity, but is still substantial in microgravity. 相似文献
54.
55.
Mamenko M Zaika O Ilatovskaya DV Staruschenko A Pochynyuk O 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(1):660-671
Dietary salt intake controls epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)-mediated Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron by affecting status of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Whereas regulation of ENaC by aldosterone is generally accepted, little is known about whether other components of RAAS, such as angiotensin II (Ang II), have nonredundant to aldosterone-stimulatory actions on ENaC. We combined patch clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry in freshly isolated split-opened distal nephrons of mice to determine the mechanism and molecular signaling pathway of Ang II regulation of ENaC. We found that Ang II acutely increases ENaC Po, whereas prolonged exposure to Ang II also induces translocation of α-ENaC toward the apical membrane in situ. Ang II actions on ENaC Po persist in the presence of saturated mineralocorticoid status. Moreover, aldosterone fails to stimulate ENaC acutely, suggesting that Ang II and aldosterone have different time frames of ENaC activation. AT1 but not AT2 receptors mediate Ang II actions on ENaC. Unlike its effect in vasculature, Ang II did not increase [Ca2+]i in split-opened distal nephrons as demonstrated using ratiometric Fura-2-based microscopy. However, application of Ang II to mpkCCDc14 cells resulted in generation of reactive oxygen species, as probed with fluorescent methods. Consistently, inhibiting NADPH oxidase with apocynin abolished Ang II-mediated increases in ENaC Po in murine distal nephron. Therefore, we concluded that Ang II directly regulates ENaC activity in the distal nephron, and this effect complements regulation of ENaC by aldosterone. We propose that stimulation of AT1 receptors with subsequent activation of NADPH oxidase signaling pathway mediates Ang II actions on ENaC. 相似文献
56.
The purpose of this study is to examine whether benzyl alcohol affects N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in cortical cells. Benzyl alcohol (0.5–2 mM) inhibited NMDA-induced cytotoxicity. The
protective effect of benzyl alcohol on NMDA-induced toxicity disappeared by washing cells with buffer to remove benzyl alcohol.
Benzyl alcohol reduced NMDA receptor-mediated calcium accumulation, indicating that benzyl alcohol inhibits NMDA receptor
activity. 相似文献
57.
Wnt inhibitor factor-1 (WIF-1) is an extracellular antagonist of Wnts secreted proteins. Here we describe the expression pattern of Wif1 throughout the development of the mouse central nervous system (CNS). Wif1 mRNA can be detected as early as the developmental stage E11, and expression persists to adulthood. In embryonic stages, the level of Wif1 expression was very prominent in several areas including the cerebral cortex, the diencephalon and the midbrain, with the strongest level in the hippocampal plate and the diencephalon. However, after birth, the expression level of Wif1 decreased in the cortex and diencephalon. By adulthood, Wif1 is mainly expressed in the medial habenular nucleus (MHb) in the epithalamus, the mitral layer cells in the olfactory bulb and a few nuclei in the hypothalamus. Our data shows that the expression of Wif1 was very strong during embryonic development of the CNS and suggests that Wif1 may play an essential role in the spatial and temporal regulation of Wnt signals. 相似文献
58.
Mercado-Gómez O Hernández-Fonseca K Villavicencio-Queijeiro A Massieu L Chimal-Monroy J Arias C 《Neurochemical research》2008,33(8):1599-1609
Glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β has been identified as one of the major candidates mediating tau hyperphosphorylation at the
same sites as those present in tau protein in brain from Alzheimer′s disease (AD) patients. However, the signal transduction
pathways involved in the abnormal activation of GSK-3β, have not been completely elucidated. GSK-3β activity is repressed
by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, but it is also modulated through the PI3K/Akt route. Recent studies have suggested
that Wnt signaling might be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. On the other hand, modulators of the PI3K pathway might
be reduced during aging leading to a sustained activation of GSK-3β, which in turn would increase the risk of tau hyperphosphorylation.
The role of Wnt and PI3K signaling inhibition on the extent of tau phosphorylation and neuronal morphology has not been completely
elucidated. Thus, in the present investigation we analyzed the effects of different negative modulators of the Wnt and the
PI3K pathways on GSK-3β activation and phosphorylation of tau at the PHF-1 epitope in cortical cultured neurons and hippocampal
slices from adult rat brain. Changes in the microtubule network were also studied. We found that a variety of Wnt and PI3K
inhibitors, significantly increased tau phosphorylation at the PHF-1 site, induced the disarrangement of the microtubule network
and the accumulation of tau within cell bodies. These changes correlated with alterations in neuronal morphology.
Special issue article in honor of Dr. Ricardo Tapia. 相似文献
59.
唇皮层小泡1-4层,在光镜和透射电镜下均具5种形态,由外及内,小泡内颗粒直径逐渐减少。在H.E染 色中,动物极低纬度区和精孔器附近的卵膜和质膜之间,具少量均匀的着色非常深的紫色斑点,与Ⅰ型皮层小泡内 容物形态结构相似,在透射电镜下,这些斑点和卵膜、质膜有明显的界限,其外没有包被膜相结构,我们称之皮层反 应引发斑,这是在鱼类受精卵中发现的一个新的结构。扫描电镜下,引发斑成絮状。引发斑对皮层反应的引发具 有重要作用。皮层反应可分为潜伏期、始发期、高潮期、衰退期四个时期,潜伏期没有皮层反应发生,始发期只是位 于受精卵外围的少量皮层小泡释放,高潮期为多个皮层小泡相互融合形成一个大的泡状体,泡状体再与质膜接触、 融合后,随后破裂,释放内容物,可分为两个阶段,衰退期释放Ⅴ型皮层小泡和其他残存的皮层小泡以及未完全降 解卵黄颗粒碎屑;皮层反应是由Ⅰ型皮层小泡和引发斑诱导的爆发性的链式反应,卵子外侧的皮层反应可以诱导 内侧皮层反应。皮层反应有两个起始区域,在受精后35s开始于动物极低纬度区,稍后出现在精孔器前庭附近,随 后在这两个始发区向四周扩散,并在前庭以外的区域愈合、打通。皮层小泡分批多次释放,质膜多次重组。精子入 卵位点附近没有皮层小泡,不发生皮层反应,这提示皮层反应对鱼类多精受精的抑制效应有限。 相似文献
60.
On the alignment of cellulose microfibrils by cortical microtubules: A review and a model 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
Tobias I. Baskin 《Protoplasma》2001,215(1-4):150-171
Summary The hypothesis that microtubules align microfibrils, termed the alignment hypothesis, states that there is a causal link between the orientation of cortical microtubules and the orientation of nascent microfibrils. I have assessed the generality of this hypothesis by reviewing what is known about the relation between microtubules and microfibrils in a wide group of examples: in algae of the family Characeae,Closterium acerosum, Oocystis solitaria, and certain genera of green coenocytes and in land plant tip-growing cells, xylem, diffusely growing cells, and protoplasts. The salient features about microfibril alignment to emerge are as follows. Cellulose microfibrils can be aligned by cortical microtubules, thus supporting the alignment hypothesis. Alignment of microfibrils can occur independently of microtubules, showing that an alternative to the alignment hypothesis must exist. Microfibril organization is often random, suggesting that self-assembly is insufficient. Microfibril organization differs on different faces of the same cell, suggesting that microfibrils are aligned locally, not with respect to the entire cell. Nascent microfibrils appear to associate tightly with the plasma membrane. To account for these observations, I present a model that posits alignment to be mediated through binding the nascent microfibril. The model, termed templated incorporation, postulates that the nascent microfibril is incorporated into the cell wall by binding to a scaffold that is oriented; further, the scaffold is built and oriented around either already incorporated microfibrils or plasma membrane proteins, or both. The role of cortical microtubules is to bind and orient components of the scaffold at the plasma membrane. In this way, spatial information to align the microfibrils may come from either the cell wall or the cell interior, and microfibril alignment with and without microtubules are subsets of a single mechanism.Dedicated to Professor Brian E. S. Gunning on the occasion of his 65th birthday 相似文献