Recent advancement in the discovery and development of COX-2 inhibitors: Insight into biological activities and SAR studies (2008–2019)

Cyclooxygenase-2 is a very important physiological enzyme playing key roles in various biological functions especially in the mechanism of pain and inflammation, among other roles, making it a molecule of high interest to the pharmaceutical community as a target. COX 2 enzyme is induced only during inflammatory processes or cancer and reflects no role in the guarding stomach lining. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibition can significantly reduce the adverse effects including GI tract damage and hepatotoxic effects of traditional NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, etc. Recent developments on COX-2 inhibitors is primarily focused on improving the selectivity index of the drug towards COX-2 along with enhancing the potency of the drug by modifying the scaffolds of Coxibs currently in the market like Celecoxib, Indomethacin, Oxaprozin, etc. We have reported the progress on new COX-2 inhibitors in the last decade (2008–2019) focussing on five heterocyclic rings- Pyrazole, Indole, Oxazole, Pyridine and Pyrrole. The addition of various moieties to these core rings and their structure-activity relationship along with their molecular modelling data have been explored in the article. This review aims to aid medicinal chemists in the design and discovery of better COX-2 inhibitors constructed on these five heterocyclic pharmacophores.     

两种高危型HPV检测技术诊断宫颈病变的临床价值比较

目的:比较酶切信号放大法(Cervista)与导流杂交基因芯片技术(Hybri Ma)检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HR-HPV)诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的临床价值。方法:随机选择288例2012年3月至2013年1月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院妇科门诊进行新柏氏液基细胞学检查的年龄在20~65岁的宫颈细胞学检测未明确意义的不典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)的患者,采用Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术进行高危型HPV检测,并对入组的患者行阴道镜下宫颈活组织检查。以病理学诊断结果为金标准,比较Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的敏感度、特异度及ROC曲线。结果:在入组的288例患者中,Cervista技术和Hybri Ma技术检出高危型HPV的阳性率分别为49.31%和51.39%(P0.05),其诊断CIN2+的敏感度分别为95.65%和91.30%(P0.05),特异度分别为59.50%和56.20%(P0.05),阳性预计值分别为30.99%和28.38%(P0.05),阴性预计值分别为98.63%和97.14%(P0.05)。两组ROC曲线下面积分别为0.776和0.738(P0.05)。结论:Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断CIN2+的临床价值相当。     

宫颈癌研究新进展

宫颈癌是威胁女性健康的最常见的主要恶性肿瘤之一,据统计全世界每年新发现有数万女性患有宫颈癌这种癌症,越来越多的妇女死于宫颈癌。宫颈癌也是一种预防的肿瘤,其致病因素多种多样,包括初次性生活的年龄、吸烟、HPV、HSV、HCMV、EBV等因素。目前的检测方法有巴氏涂片法、薄层液基细胞学涂片法、宫颈组织活检及宫颈管刮术、HPV-DNA检测、计算机辅助细胞学检测系统等方法可以诊断宫颈癌。早期诊断、早期检查对宫颈癌的预防和治疗具有积极作用,同时降低宫颈癌的死亡率。     

脊髓型颈椎病的发病机制及治疗的研究进展

在中老年人群中脊髓型颈椎病是造成脊髓功能障碍的主要原因,其发病机制复杂,主要有静态和动态因素、缺血、内皮细胞损伤和血脊髓屏障的破坏、炎症及细胞凋亡等学说,每一种学说并不能够完美的解释脊髓型颈椎病的发病机制,仍需进一步实验研究探索其机制。对于进行性发展的脊髓型颈椎病多采用手术治疗,手术方式主要有前路、后路及前后路联合手术,如何选择手术方案仍是临床医生关注的焦点,本文就该病的发病机制及手术治疗的相关进展作一综述。     

苦参碱对大鼠宫颈癌组织中Survivin、Caspase-3和Caspase-7表达的影响

目的:探讨苦参碱对宫颈癌模型大鼠组织中Survivin、Caspase-3和Caspase-7的表达影响。方法:选取Wistar雌性大鼠34只,宫颈癌造模成功的19只分成阴性对照组(A组)和苦参碱组(B组);未造模的10只大鼠作为正常对照组(C组)。采用免疫印迹法检测三组大鼠宫颈癌组织中Survivin、Caspase-3和Caspase-7表达水平。结果:1A组大鼠组织中Survivin表达明显高于B、C组大鼠组织中Survivin水平,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2A组大鼠组织中Caspase-3和Caspase-7的表达明显低于B、C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3B组大鼠组织中Survivin、Caspase-3和Caspase-7的表达水平与C组比较存在差异,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:苦参碱能够明显下调宫颈癌大鼠凋亡抑制因子Survivin水平,改善凋亡因子Caspase-3和Caspase-7的表达。     

宫颈癌中SOCS-1表达的研究新进展

每年全球大约有38万宫颈癌新发病例,已成为现今世界女性最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,高危型人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV-16、18等)是公认的宫颈癌的致病因素。研究证实HPV E7原癌基因的产物HPV E7原癌蛋白通过与抑癌蛋白p Rb结合,诱导p Rb的降解,导致宫颈上皮细胞永化生,致细胞生长增殖失控及细胞凋亡程序发生异常是HPV诱导宫颈癌发生的一个主要机制。细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白(suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS)家族是由细胞产生的,可通过反馈调节来阻断细胞因子信号转导过程的一类负性调节因子,SOCS-1可抑制多种细胞因子的信号转导途径,调控体内多种免疫反应,现有研究表明SOCS-1可通过诱导E7蛋白降解来抑制HPV E7介导的异常转化。而且socs-1在癌细胞中表达明显降低,说明SOCS-1可能是抑癌基因,其失活机制主要是甲基化和杂合性缺失,所以说SOCS-1的甲基化和杂合性缺失对宫颈癌的发生、发展起着至关重要的作用,因此SOCS-1的去甲基化及打破基因沉默可能是一种潜在的治疗宫颈癌的新策略。     

Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 promotes α5β1-mediated invasive migration and metastasis of cervical cancer cells

Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) has been supposed to be correlated with the metastasis and poor prognosis of several malignancies. However, the effect of SIX1 on the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells and the underlying mechanisms were still unclear to date. Here we report that SIX1 can promote α5β1-mediated metastatic capability of cervical cancer cells. SIX1 promoted the expression of α5β1 integrin to enhance the adhesion capacity of tumor cells in vitro and tumor cell arrest in circulation in vivo. Moreover, higher expression of SIX1 in tumor cells resulted in the increased production of active MMP-2 and MMP-9, up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (BCL-XL and BCL2) and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (BIM and BAX), thus promoting the invasive migration and anoikis-resistance of tumor cells. Importantly, blocking α5β1 abrogated the regulatory effect of SIX1 on the expression of these genes, and also abolished the promotional effect of SIX1 on invasive capability of tumor cells. Furthermore, knock-down of α5 could abolish the promoting effect of SIX1 on the development of metastatic lesions in both experimental and spontaneous metastasis model. Therefore, by up-regulating α5β1 expression, SIX1 not only promoted the adhesion capacity, but also augmented ECM-α5β1-mediated regulation of gene expression to enhance the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells. These results suggest that SIX1/α5β1 might be considered as valuable marker for metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells, or a therapeutic target in cervical cancer treatment.     

人乳头瘤病毒分型检测在宫颈病变中的研究进展

宫颈癌是感染性疾病,HPV感染是宫颈癌发生的主要因素。宫颈上皮内留样病变(CIN)是宫颈浸润癌演变发展过程中的癌前病变阶段,研究发现大多数CIN伴有人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染,不同HPV亚型的致病力不同,因此不同亚型的HPV感染可以导致不同的宫颈病变。对CIN早诊、早治是降低宫颈癌发生率和死亡率的关键,临床上应用HPV亚型检测对宫颈病变的初筛及治疗追踪具有重要意义。     

人乳头瘤病毒与宫颈癌关系研究进展

宫颈癌是一种严重危害女性健康的恶性肿瘤,其发病率较高,位居女性恶性肿瘤的第二位,仅次于乳腺癌。自从1977年德国学者ZurHausen等从宫颈癌标本中发现了人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus HPV)DNA,并推测HPV感染与宫颈癌发生有关后,许多学者对HPV与宫颈癌的相关性进行了大量的研究,并证实HPV感染是宫颈癌发病的必需因素。目前,对于宫颈HPV感染检测有多种手段,其中聚合酶链反应(PCR)和捕获杂交技术在实验室中应用较广泛。在宫颈癌筛查中联合应用HPV检测和细胞学,不仅可以提高敏感性,而且还可以减少随诊频率,从而大大降低了宫颈癌的发生。