Effect of temperature on locomotor activity in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Presence of an ‘activity well’ in the region of the final preferendum

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were placed in aquaria where their locomotor activity was monitored by photocells, and tested at various acclimation temperatures over a range encompassing their final thermal preferenda. Activity was pooled over 24-hour periods to eliminate any circadian rhythm effects. Both species exhibited an activity well of reduced locomotor activity in the region of the final preferendum. Goldfish, tested either singly or in groups of 2–5 individuals, exhibited a social-interaction effect which became more pronounced at higher temperatures. These results are discussed in relation to a thermokinetic interpretation of thermo-regulatory behavior in fishes, and to the correspondence between thermal preferenda and thermal optima.     

三种淡水鱼类在中国南北两个地区的肠道菌群差异比较

山东省德州市禹城市和湖南省长沙市望城区分别属于我国北方和南方地区,环境和气候差异明显。本试验以禹城市和望城区两地的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)为研究对象,对肠道中的菌群进行16s rRNA V4高变区扩增,基于IonS5 TM XL测序平台进行测序,并对相关数据进行分析。结果表明,在门水平上鲫鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼的肠道优势菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),各组中这四种菌门所占比之和均在80%以上;基于Bray-Curtis距离值的秩次进行组间差异显著性检验,山东草鱼组和湖南草鱼组比较中组间差异大于组内差异(R=0.307,P<0.05),且线性判别分析显示湖南草鱼组的特征性菌群为弧菌属,而山东草鱼组的为梭菌纲,推测特征性菌群差异与环境的影响有关;有害菌种的统计分析表明,湖南鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组的嗜水气单胞菌属相对丰度明显高于对应的山东鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组,山东草鱼组和鲤鱼组的弧菌属相对丰度高于对应的湖南草鱼组和鲤鱼组,可能受外界环境的影响,不同地区抵御外来有害细菌的能力也不一样。本研究对两地的淡水鱼类肠道微生物群落结构进行了比较和分析,为进一步的鱼类发育研究奠定基础。     

Circadian Phase Dependent Thermal Stimulation of Ovarian Recrudescence in Indian Catfish,Clarias batrachus

Female Clarias batrachus acclimated to long photoperiod (13L:11D), were subjected to 30º ± 1ºC thermopulses of either 6-hour or 12-hour duration at different phases of the LD cycle during the late resting phase (first week of January) of their annual reproductive cycle. Six-hour pulses were given either at 0600 or 1200 or 1800 or 0000. Twelve-hour thermopulses were given at 0600 or 1800. The long photoperiods were started at 0530 and that of ambient at 0630 coinciding with the average timing of sunrise that prevailed during the period of the study. The results indicate that exposure to long photoperiod or constant high temperature induced gonadal growth (GSI) and elevated testosterone and oestradiol levels in plasma. The high temperature was significantly more effective in its action. Further, combination of long photoperiod and high temperature produced the strongest gonadal stimulation as gauged from GSI and the levels of steroid hormones. Interestingly, 30ºC thermopulses of 12-h duration when given at 0600 to fish held under long photoperiod induced gonadal development of comparable magnitude as observed in response to constant high temperature under long photoperiod. Thermopulses (30ºC) of 6-h duration given at 0600 or 1200 also induced significant gonadal recrudescence but of much lesser magnitude. Thermopulses either of 6-h or 12-h duration at 1800 failed to elicit any change in the variables under study. The results of cosinor analysis performed on the responses to 6-h thermopulses also substantiate that there is a rhythm in the sensitivity of C. batrachus to thermopulses. Thus it appears that in this species temperature-induced gonadal recrudescence would occur only following coincidence of high temperature with the thermoinducible phase. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon might be circadian in nature.     

一株维氏气单胞菌发酵培养基优化及其制备疫苗免疫效力比较

采用单因素试验、响应面试验法对维氏气单胞菌（Aeromonas veronii）发酵培养基的氮源、碳源、无机盐和磷酸盐成分及用量进行优化组合,确定优化培养基组成：胰蛋白胨10.8 g/L,葡萄糖5.0 g/L,牛肉膏3.0 g/L,磷酸二氢钾2.0 g/L,硫酸镁0.4 g/L,NaCl 5.0 g/L。并与基础培养基的发酵活菌数、制备的灭活疫苗免疫效力进行比较,经过验证试验绘制维氏气单胞菌在优化培养基条件下的7 L发酵罐生长曲线。在优化发酵培养基条件下,维氏气单胞菌活菌数为5.94×10⁹ cfu/mL,比基础培养基增幅43.13%;制备的灭活疫苗相对保护率为77.78%,比基础培养基提高了14.81%。7 L发酵罐发酵培养10 h,活菌数达到最大8.85×10⁹ cfu/mL。通过对发酵培养基的优化,可以获得低成本、优质高效的维氏气单胞菌发酵菌液,为今后维氏气单胞菌灭活疫苗规模化发酵培养提供参考。     

饲料脂肪水平对长养殖周期异育银鲫“中科3号”生长和脂代谢的影响

实验以初重为(11.33±0.03) g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)为研究对象,分别投喂脂肪水平为4%(L4)、8%(L8)、12% (L12)、16% (L16)和20% (L20)的5种等氮饲料进行为期340d的长养殖周期实验,以探究饲料脂肪水平对长养殖周期异育银鲫生长性能、消化酶活性和脂代谢的影响。期间共取样5次,生长阶段分为63d(D63,幼鱼期)、110d(D110,养成前期)、223d(D223,越冬期)、275d(D275,越冬后)和340d(D340,养成中后期)。实验结果显示,以增重率为评价指标,幼鱼期D63的异育银鲫适宜脂肪水平为8%,养成前期D110的异育银鲫适宜脂肪水平为12%,而其他生长阶段饲料脂水平对增重率无显著影响。饲料脂肪水平对幼鱼期异育银鲫肠道消化酶活性有显著影响,脂肪酶活性随脂肪水平的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,幼鱼期(D63)异育银鲫肠道胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性高于越冬期和养成中后期的异育银鲫,表明幼鱼期的异育银鲫对脂肪的利用较低。幼鱼期(D63)异育银鲫脂肪合成相关基因pparγ和fas的表达量饲料脂肪水平升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,且在L8组表达量最高,而脂解基因lpl和cpt1a的表达量在低脂组L4显著低于其他各组。pparγ和cpt1a在越冬后期(D275)的表达量随饲料脂肪水平的升高呈现先上升后下降,而fas表达量在L4组显著高于其他组,表明不同生长阶段异育银鲫对饲料脂肪摄入的响应策略不一致,摄入过高或过低均会导致代谢紊乱。适宜的脂水平(8%—12%)可促进幼鱼期和养成前期异育银鲫的生长,增强脂肪利用率和脂代谢能力,而较大规格的异育银鲫对脂肪的变化不敏感。     

鲫幼鱼耳石荧光标记效果

为确认茜素络合物对鲫（Carassius auratus）耳石进行有效标记的可行性,以便为鲫甚至其他鲤科鱼类标志放流技术的开发及效果评估提供一定的借鉴,本研究以孵出后90 d的鲫幼鱼为研究对象,设置单一浓度（100 mg/L）的茜素络合物浸泡标记5 d,分析茜素络合物在耳石上的沉积情况以及不同耳石在不同后续饲养天数的动态变化。结果表明,矢耳石、微耳石和星耳石上在可见光、绿色和蓝色激发光下都检测到了良好的茜素络合物标记环,标记率和存活率均为100%。但不同耳石的茜素络合物标记效果不同,荧光下,星耳石的标记效果最显著,微耳石次之;可见光下,微耳石的标记效果最好,星耳石次之。随着后续饲养天数的延长,可见光下标记逐渐减弱,至20 d时基本消失,而在绿色和蓝色激光下标记环荧光强度无减弱迹象,能长久保持,且在蓝色激发光下标记环更易被观测到。上述结果结合鲫生长、存活和行为正常等情况综合显示,在100 mg/L茜素络合物溶液中浸泡标记鲫幼鱼5 d,其耳石可以获得满意的标记效果。     

Evolution of Duplicated <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">reggie</Emphasis> Genes in Zebrafish and Goldfish

Invertebrates, tetrapod vertebrates, and fish might be expected to differ in their number of gene copies, possibly due the occurrence of genome duplication events during animal evolution. Reggie (flotillin) genes code for membrane-associated proteins involved in growth signaling in developing and regenerating axons. Until now, there appeared to be only two reggie genes in fruitflies, mammals, and fish. The aim of this research was to search for additional copies of reggie genes in fishes, since a genome duplication might have increased the gene copy number in this group. We report the presence of up to four distinct reggie genes (two reggie-1 and two reggie-2 genes) in the genomes of zebrafish and goldfish. Phylogenetic analyses show that the zebrafish and goldfish sequence pairs are orthologous, and that the additional copies could have arisen through a genome duplication in a common ancestor of bony fish. The presence of novel reggie mRNAs in fish embryos indicates that the newly discovered gene copies are transcribed and possibly expressed in the developing and regenerating nervous system. The intron/exon boundaries of the new fish genes characterized here correspond with those of human genes, both in location and phase. An evolutionary scenario for the evolution of reggie intron-exon structure, where loss of introns appears to be a distinctive trait in invertebrate reggie genes, is presented. Received: 24 January 2001 / Accepted: 27 July 2001     

鲫耳石重量与年龄的关系及其在年龄鉴定中的作用

耳石重量在年龄组间重叠较少,大小相近的个体,年龄大的,即生长慢的耳石重量比年龄小的,即生长快的大,不同龄组之间耳石重量有显著差异（P＜0．05）,按年龄组在耳石重量与相应的体长作图,可初步判断观测年龄的可靠性,分析耳石重量频率分布能分离出体长相近,年龄不同的个体,其结构与耳石年轮观测的基本一致,耳石重量与年龄呈显著线性正相关（P＜0．05）,用耳石重量与年龄关系估算的年龄从耳石上直接读取的年龄无显著差异（P＞0．05）,文中对耳石重量直接用于确定鱼类年龄的可能性作了分析和探讨。     

Changes in the selected hematological parameters and gill Na/K ATPase activity of juvenile crucian carp Carassius auratus during elevated ammonia exposure and the post-exposure recovery

The increase in concentration of ammonia in lake water during the degradation of algal blooms may last for several weeks and thus cause chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia on the selected hematological parameters and gill Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity of juvenile crucian carp Carassius auratus during elevated ammonia exposure and the post-exposure recovery. Juvenile crucian carp were exposed in different ammonia solutions for 45 days and then immediately transferred to pristine freshwater to initiate a 15-day recovery period. Results showed sub-lethal ammonia significantly deters growth and a 15-day recovery period was not sufficient for the fish to compensate for the loss of growth. The fish exhibited a continuous decrease in red blood cell (RBC), the total hemoglobin (Hb), and gill Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity as the concentration of NH₃-N increased. After the 15-day recovery period, RBC, Hb, and gill Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity had recovered to similar levels as the controls.     

Genetic basis and breeding application of clonal diversity and dual reproduction modes in polyploid Carassius auratus gibelio

A unisexual species is generally associated with polyploidy, and reproduced by a unisexual reproduction mode, such as gyno- genesis, hybridogenesis or parthenogenesis. Compared with other unisexual and polyploid species, gibel carp (Carassius au- ratus gibelio) has a higher ploidy level of hexaploid. It has undergone several successive rounds of genome polyploidy, and experienced an additional, more recent genome duplication event. More significantly, the dual reproduction modes, including gynogenesis and s...