生物炭对菜园土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

研究生物炭的施用及其与不同肥料混施对菜园土壤中微生物群落功能多样性的影响,为农业废弃物的合理利用和菜园土优化培肥提供科学依据和理论指导。以清远市连州县代表性菜园土(属肥熟旱耕人为土)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,利用BIOLOG方法对10个施肥处理(对照CK(0%生物碳+无肥)、T1(0%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥)、T2(0.1%生物碳+无肥)、T3(0.25%生物碳+无肥)、T4(0.5%生物碳+无肥)、T5(1%生物碳+无肥)、T6(100(N)+30(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T7(0.1%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥)、T8(0.1%生物碳+100(N)+0(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T9(0.1%生物碳+100(N)+30(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T10(0.1%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥+100(N)+0(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土))的土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)T1和T3处理比其它处理显著提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率(P0.05),但生物炭施用量增加会降低平均颜色变化率(AWCD值);(2)T1处理可以显著提高土壤微生物的群落物种均匀度(Mclntosh指数),而T3处理显著提高土壤微生物的物种丰富度和均匀度(Shannon和Mclntosh指数);(3)T1和T3处理对聚合物类、碳水化合物类、羧酸类、氨基酸类和酚类碳源利用率最高;(4)添加化肥处理中磷肥的施用可以提高土壤微生物活性,增加土壤微生物碳源利用能力,而氮肥和钾肥的添加显著降低了土壤微生物的碳源利用能力;(5)主成分分析表明,T1、T2和T3处理的微生物碳代谢功能群结构相似;单施有机肥或适量生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响较混合施用更为显著;化学磷肥的添加及在施用化肥的基础上配施适量生物炭改变了土壤微生物对碳源种类的利用。     

Past,current, and future trends of red spiny lobster based on PCA with MaxEnt model in Galapagos Islands,Ecuador

In order to enhance in terms of accuracy and predict the modeling of the potential distribution of species, the integration of using principal components of environmental variables as input of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) has been proposed in this study. Principal components selected previously from the principal component analysis results performed in ArcGIS in the environmental variables was used as an input data of MaxEnt instead of raw data to model the potential distribution of red spiny lobster from the year 1997 to 2015 and for three different future scenarios 2020, 2050, and 2070. One set of six original environmental variables pertaining to the years 1997–2015 and one set of four variables for future scenarios were transformed independently into a single multiband raster in ArcGIS in order to select the variables whose eigenvalues explains more than 5% of the total variance with the purpose to use in the modeling prediction in MaxEnt. The years 1997 and 1998 were chosen to compare the accuracy of the model, showing better results using principal components instead of raw data in terms of area under the curve and partial receiver operating characteristic as well as better predictions of suitable areas. Using principal components as input of MaxEnt enhances the prediction of good habitat suitability for red spiny lobster; however, future scenarios suggest an adequate management by researches to elaborate appropriate guidelines for the conservation of the habitat for this valuable specie with face to the climate change.     

Screening and identification of extracellular lipase-producing thermophilic bacteria from a Malaysian hot spring

Seven lipase-producing thermophilic bacteria (ST 1, ST 4, ST 6, ST 7, ST 8, ST 9 and ST 10) were isolated from the Setapak hot spring in Malaysia. The crude extracellular lipases recovered by ultrafiltration of cell-free culture supernatant were reacted in an olive oil mixture and their lipolytic activities were compared. Identification of the bacteria was carried out using the Biolog system and biochemical tests. Strain ST 7 that exhibited the highest lipolytic activity of 4.58 U/ml was identified as belonging to the Bacillus genus. Strain ST 6 with an activity of 3.51 U/ml, was identified as Ralstonia paucula. The lipolytic activities of strains ST 1, ST 4, ST 8, ST 9 and ST 10 were 2.39, 1.84, 2.38, 1.80 and 2.62 U/ml respectively. Strains ST 1, ST 4, and ST 10 were identified as Ralstonia paucula while strains ST 8 and ST 9 were Bacillus spp. Strains ST 7 and ST 9 were tentatively identified as Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus coagulans, whereas strain ST 8 was tentatively identified as Bacillus subtilis.     

车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冰灾后土壤微生物群落功能多样性

研究了我国南方冰灾后常绿阔叶林林冠开度及土壤养分的空间异质性对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响.在受冰灾影响的粤北车八岭山地常绿阔叶林2 hm2固定样地中按照冠层受损程度选取16个20 m×20 m的样方,用半球面影像技术获取林冠开度,并取0～20 cm的表层土壤混合样品分析土壤的理化性质,同时应用Biolog技术分析微生物功能多样性.按林冠开度梯度对各样方土壤微生物群落利用单一碳源的分析发现,林冠开度大的样方土壤微生物的活性、丰富度、多样性和均匀度都较低,反之则较高.聚类分析的结果与林冠开度的梯度有高度的一致性.主成分分析表明各样方土壤微生物功能多样性具有显著差异(第一轴p<0.005;第二轴p<0.001),其结果与聚类结果基本吻合.冗余分析揭示了土壤全磷、全钾、全氮、速效氮、有机碳、容重、总孔隙度和林冠开度的综合作用对土壤微生物功能多样性有显著影响(p<0.005),其中林冠开度与土壤微生物群落功能多样性的关系最密切.土壤微生物功能多样性受土壤养分的影响,具体表现为:与土壤有机碳呈明显的正相关;与全氮正相关;与速效氮、全磷负相关.研究说明冰灾所造成林冠开度和土壤养分的空间异质性会影响到土壤微生物功能多样性,而土壤微生物功能多样性可用于对生境恢复的指示和评价.     

Carbon utilization profiles of bacteria colonizing the headbox water of two paper machines in a Canadian mill

Forty-one bacterial strains isolated from the headbox water of two machines in a Canadian paper mill were associated with the genera Asticcacaulis, Acidovorax, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Hydrogenophaga, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas based on the sequence of their 16S rRNA genes. The metabolic profile of these strains were determined using Biolog EcoPlate, and the bacteria were divided into four metabolic groups. Metabolic profiles of the bacterial communities colonizing the headbox water of two paper machines was also determined weekly over a 1 year period. The only compound that was not reduced by the bacterial community was 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Utilization frequency of the other carbon sources in the Biolog EcoPlate ranged from 3 to 100%. The metabolic profiles of the bacterial community did not vary considerably between the two paper machines. However, the metabolic profile varied among the sampling dates.     

Oligomeric Structure Diversity within the GIY-YIG Nuclease Family

The GIY-YIG nuclease domain has been identified in homing endonucleases, DNA repair and recombination enzymes, and restriction endonucleases. The Type II restriction enzyme Eco29kI belongs to the GIY-YIG nuclease superfamily and, like most of other family members, including the homing endonuclease I-TevI, is a monomer. It recognizes the palindromic sequence 5′-CCGC/GG-3′ (“/” marks the cleavage position) and cuts it to generate 3′-staggered ends. The Eco29kI monomer, which contains a single active site, either has to nick sequentially individual DNA strands or has to form dimers or even higher-order oligomers upon DNA binding to make a double-strand break at its target site. Here, we provide experimental evidence that Eco29kI monomers dimerize on a single cognate DNA molecule forming the catalytically active complex. The mechanism described here for Eco29kI differs from that of Cfr42I isoschisomer, which also belongs to the GIY-YIG family but is functional as a tetramer. This novel mechanism may have implications for the function of homing endonucleases and other enzymes of the GIY-YIG family.     

大豆连作对土体和根际微生物群落功能的影响

试验采用Biolog方法在大田试验条件下研究了不同连作年限大豆在结荚期和收获期根际和土体微生物群落功能多样性的变化.试验结果表明,在结荚期和收获期根际微生物群落功能多样性、均匀度指数和AWCD均显著高于土体.在结荚期迎茬和连作8a的土体微生物多样性、AWCD均高于正茬和连作4a土体;在收获期正茬和迎茬处理的土体微生物多样性、AWCD高于连作4a和8a.结荚期迎茬、连作4a和8a处理的根际微生物群落AWCD均显著高于收获期,说明在大豆植株生长旺盛的结荚期微生物群落的根际效应比收获期更明显.在这两个生长期降解氨基酸,糖类和羧酸类碳源的微生物可能是连作影响的主要土体微生物类群.     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

施氮水平和收获时期对夏玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响

为明确黄淮海夏玉米适宜的施肥量和最佳收获时期,设计了5个氮肥水平（不施肥、113、181、249和375 kg N·hm^-2）和2个收获时期（S₁：9月23日,农民习惯收获时间;S₂：9月29日,推迟6 d收获）,研究施氮量和收获时期对夏玉米产量和品质的影响.结果表明：随施肥量增加,夏玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量均增加,但差异不显著,其中施肥量在113～181 kg N·hm^-2的玉米产量、氮素利用效率均相对较高;随施肥量增加,夏玉米蛋白质和赖氨酸含量增加,淀粉含量降低.与9月23日蜡熟期收获相比,9月29日完熟期收获的夏玉米籽粒千粒重、产量、淀粉和赖氨酸含量均增加,籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量降低.依据产量水平,黄淮海高产夏玉米区适宜的施肥量在113～180 kg N·hm^-2,最佳收获时期应推迟至9月29日-10月5日.     

玉米间作和施氮对土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的影响

微生物功能多样性是土壤健康的重要指标,在多种生物地球化学过程中发挥关键作用.本研究基于多年田间小区定位试验,设置间作和单作2种种植模式和4个施氮水平(N0,0 kg·hm-2;N125,125 kg·hm-2;N250,250 kg·hm-2;N375,375 kg·hm-2),采用 Biolog-Eco微平板法,分析...