Optimization of the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues by using radial basis functions modeling and particle swarm optimization

The concentrations of glucose and total reducing sugars obtained by chemical hydrolysis of three different lignocellulosic feedstocks were maximized. Two response surface methodologies were applied to model the amount of sugars produced: (1) classical quadratic least-squares fit (QLS), and (2) artificial neural networks based on radial basis functions (RBF). The results obtained by applying RBF were more reliable and better statistical parameters were obtained. Depending on the type of biomass, different results were obtained. Improvements in fit between 35% and 55% were obtained when comparing the coefficients of determination (R²) computed for both QLS and RBF methods. Coupling the obtained RBF models with particle swarm optimization to calculate the global desirability function, allowed to perform multiple response optimization. The predicted optimal conditions were confirmed by carrying out independent experiments.     

棘腹蛙生物学特性及资源保护研究进展

棘腹蛙(Quasipaaboulengeri)是无尾目(Anura)叉舌蛙科(Dicroglossidae)棘胸蛙属的两栖动物。因其以农业和森林害虫为食且对生存环境要求高的特点,故有保护和监测环境的生态功能。但由于生态环境恶化和过度捕捉等原因,造成野生棘腹蛙数量急剧下降,被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》列为易危种。本文从棘腹蛙的习性、生存环境特征、系统进化、人工养殖和资源保护等方面进行了综述,为进一步研究棘腹蛙提供基础资料和理论依据。     

Evolution under pH stress and high population densities leads to increased density-dependent fitness in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila

Abiotic stress is a major force of selection that organisms are constantly facing. While the evolutionary effects of various stressors have been broadly studied, it is only more recently that the relevance of interactions between evolution and underlying ecological conditions, that is, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, have been highlighted. Here, we experimentally investigated how populations adapt to pH-stress under high population densities. Using the protist species Tetrahymena thermophila, we studied how four different genotypes evolved in response to stressfully low pH conditions and high population densities. We found that genotypes underwent evolutionary changes, some shifting up and others shifting down their intrinsic rates of increase (r₀). Overall, evolution at low pH led to the convergence of r₀ and intraspecific competitive ability (α) across the four genotypes. Given the strong correlation between r₀ and α, we argue that this convergence was a consequence of selection for increased density-dependent fitness at low pH under the experienced high density conditions. Increased density-dependent fitness was either attained through increase in r₀, or decrease of α, depending on the genetic background. In conclusion, we show that demography can influence the direction of evolution under abiotic stress.     

中国淡水鱼类人工增殖放流现状

随着鱼类资源的持续衰退以及保护水产学的兴起,鱼类人工增殖放流已由传统渔业增殖发展成为特有珍稀鱼类种群恢复的主要技术手段。近年来,我国淡水鱼类人工增殖放流涉及水系多、规模大且种类丰富,取得了显著效果并积累了大量基础资料和经验。为深入开展人工增殖放流基础研究,规范技术并提升生态效益,该文收集整理了国内、外相关文献资料,分别从基础理论、塘养种群管理及效果评价等方面阐述人工增殖放流的理论背景,并结合我国"四大家鱼"、中华鲟、胭脂鱼、滇池金线鲃及其他珍稀濒危鱼类人工增殖放流现状,讨论了野外监测和效果评价的作用和意义,提出放流种群遗传局限性、数量和规格权衡以及经济效益与生态效益权衡等问题,旨在为相关研究和人工放流实践提供系统资料。     

Artificial insemination in dromedary camels

Artificial insemination (AI) is an important technique in all domestic species to ensure rapid genetic progress. The use of AI has been reported in camelids although insemination trials are rare. This could be because of the difficulties involved in collecting as well as handling the semen due to the gelatinous nature of the seminal plasma. In addition, as all camelids are induced ovulators, the females need to be induced to ovulate before being inseminated.     

崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子

阐明水鸟栖息地利用与环境因子的关系有助于制定针对性的水鸟保护对策。本研究在2012~2013年冬季对崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区内越冬水鸟的种类、数量以及6种环境因子(植被面积比例、裸地面积比例、水深、地形变异、栖息地结构多样性和干扰)进行调查,以了解水鸟对人工湿地的栖息地利用及其影响因子。野外调查共记录到水鸟24种9 018只,其中优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)和绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos);栖息地优化区内水鸟休息的个体数量占总数量的79.2%,这表明优化区是大多数水鸟的休息地,而小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)和黑脸琵鹭(P.minor)的觅食个体数量超过60%,说明优化区也为这些鸟类提供了觅食地。逐步回归分析表明,裸地面积比例是影响越冬水鸟种类分布的最主要因子;尽管游禽在地形变异较大、植被面积比例较低的区域数量较多,但在休息时游禽更偏好于裸地面积比例较高的区域,而涉禽休息时偏好于地形变异较大的区域。为增加栖息地优化区内的水鸟多样性,建议在优化区内种植水鸟可食的沉水植物以增加水鸟的食物资源,同时增加裸地面积比例和地形变异程度,更好地为水鸟提供栖息地。     

凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片预防先兆流产保胎妇女胃肠功能紊乱的临床观察

目的观察凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片（商品名：爽舒宝）预防先兆流产保胎妇女胃肠功能紊乱的临床疗效。方法将60例先兆流产保胎妇女随机分为爽舒宝预防组和对照组,预防组30例,对照组30例,两组均给予常规服用保胎药物,出现顽固性便秘后用开塞露通便,其中预防组在此基础上同时口服凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片首次2. 1 g,以后1.05 g/次,3次/d,温水送服,疗程2-4周。观察保胎期间孕妇胃肠功能紊乱情况和使用开塞露的通便次数。结果预防组患者胃肠功能紊乱的发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05 ）。结论凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片预防先兆流产保胎妇女胃肠功能紊乱疗效显著,值得临床推广。     

羟基磷灰石义眼台植入联合一期钛钉打孔术的效果研究

目的：探讨国产医用钛钉系统联合改良羟基磷灰石义眼台钛钉打孔术的手术效果。方法：选择32只健康家兔并将其分两组,在球内容摘除术后分别行单纯义眼台植入及义眼台植入联合一期钛钉打孔术,于2、4、6、12w时每组分别处死4只家兔,观察和评价家兔对钛钉的生物耐受性及HA植入物的血管化过程。以动物实验为基础,对87例患者行羟基磷灰石义眼台一期植入联合钛钉打孔术,随访12个月,观察其手术效果及与此术式相关的并发症,总结分析国产医用钛钉系统联合改良羟基磷灰石义眼台钛钉打孔术的手术效果及优点。结果：动物实验显示：一期钛钉植入术未发生钛钉移位、排斥,扫描电镜结果表明：2、4、6、12w时两组HA血管化过程无显著差异,6w时钛钉周围1mm范围内与其完全对应的环行区域内血管化程度没有显著差异。临床实验显示：改良术式与二期打孔术相比,义眼片活动度显著提高（P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后肉芽肿的发生率比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：一期植入钛钉生物相容性好,改良术式临床效果佳,术后并发症少。     

快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的对比观察

目的：通过观察我院老年股骨颈骨折患者临床治疗资料,对比分析采用快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换术该疾病的临床效果。方法：将我院2010年1月2013年1月期间收治的100例老年股骨颈骨折患者按照不同的切口方法随机分为A与B两组,分别进行快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换术治疗,对比分析使用两种方法下地活动用时间、术后引流量、切口长度、出血量情况以及治疗效果等。结果：两组患者经各自手术治疗后,临床症状均有改善,A组患者在下地活动用时间、术后引流量、切口长度、出血量情况等方面均优于B组,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）,而在术后髋关节功能对比方面差异不显著。结论：采用快捷小切口人工髋关节置换手术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者,具有手术时间短、恢复快、创伤小、瘢痕不明显等多种优点,值得临床上推广与进一步研究。