早期不同营养支持方式在腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后患者中的应用比较及吻合口瘘的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：比较早期肠外营养、早期肠内营养在腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后患者中的应用效果,并分析吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法：选择2020年3月~2022年2月期间我院接收的低位直肠癌患者216例,均行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术。按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（早期肠外营养）和研究组（早期肠内营养）,各为108例。观察对照组、研究组临床指标、营养指标、炎症因子水平,观察两组术后并发症发生率。统计两组吻合口瘘的发生率,根据术后是否发生吻合口瘘分为吻合口瘘组和无吻合口瘘组,经单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后患者发生吻合口瘘的影响因素。结果：研究组的术后排气、术后排便时间、住院时间均短于对照组,住院费用少于对照组（P<0.05）。干预2周后,两组白蛋白、前白蛋白、总蛋白升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。干预2周后,两组血清白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率组间对比未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。单因素分析结果表明,吻合口瘘的发生与年龄、性别、糖尿病、体质量指数、与肛缘距离、术后腹泻、术前存在肠梗阻、术中腹腔灌注化疗、预防性回肠末端造口有关（P<0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归模型分析：性别为男性、与肛缘距离＜5 cm、术后腹泻、糖尿病、术前存在肠梗阻是术后吻合口瘘发生的危险因素,而术中腹腔灌注化疗、预防性回肠末端造口则是其保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后患者早期接受肠内营养,可减轻机体炎性应激反应,改善营养状况,缩短术后恢复时间。吻合口瘘是腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术常见的术后并发症之一,受到性别、与肛缘距离、术后腹泻、糖尿病、术前存在肠梗阻、预防性回肠末端造口、术中腹腔灌注化疗等多种因素的影响。     

Focal palatine erosion associated with dental malocclusion in captive cheetahs

A severe palatine disorder caused by maloccluded molars was discovered in captive adult cheetahs at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. This defect has been labeled focal palatine erosion (FPE). Subsequently, a total of 59 cheetahs from several institutions have been examined to evaluate the occurrence and etiology of this disorder. Maloccluded lower molars contacting the palatal mucosa appear to be the primary source of irritation. Infection develops when decaying food and grass particles become lodged in the resulting defect. Eventually, complete palatine perforation results which can extend into the nasal passages and eventually lead to systemic disorders. Of 59 cheetahs studied, 15 displayed various stages of FPE. Examination of 26 museum skull specimens revealed four cases of palatine perforation. These four were from a group of eight animals that were zoo raised. Focal palatine erosion appears to be a result of dietary factors. All cheetahs with FPE received a commercially prepared soft diet while in captivity. The lack of normal biting, tearing, and pulling action associated with natural prey capture and consumption could result in malocclusion caused by atrophy from disuse of the masticatory apparatus. Improper occlusion could also stem from insufficient wear or unsynchronized development of the opposing dental arches. All but two cases of FPE were found in cheetahs imported from a limited area in southwest Africa in 1970, or their offspring. Since molar size and jaw structure can be inherited, there may be genetic factors involved but more data are needed to support this idea. Treatment includes changing diet, reducing the height of the offending molar, controlling infection, eliminating irritants, and in some cases, surgical reconstruction.     

胸腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术对食管癌患者肺功能、免疫功能的影响及颈部吻合口瘘的影响因素探讨

摘要 目的：探讨胸腹腔镜下进行食管癌切除术对患者肺功能、免疫功能的影响,并分析颈部吻合口瘘的影响因素。方法：选择2016年8月至2021年8月期间我院收治的130例食管癌患者,均成功实施胸腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术,观察手术前后肺功能、免疫功能的变化情况。观察130例患者术后颈部吻合口瘘发生率,采用多因素Logistic回归分析颈部吻合口瘘的影响因素。结果：术后7d,患者的第1s用力呼气量（FEV₁）、用力肺活量（FVC）、呼气流量峰值（PEF）较术前下降（P<0.05）。术后当天、术后7天,患者的CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺ /CD8⁺较术前下降后升高,CD8⁺较术前升高后下降（P<0.05）。130例患者术后有28例发生颈部吻合口瘘,发生率为21.54%。均为术后3~18 d内确诊为颈部吻合口瘘,按照是否发生颈部吻合口瘘将患者分为有吻合口瘘组（n=28）和无吻合口瘘组（n=102）。颈部吻合口瘘的发生与术前白蛋白、体质量指数（BMI）、糖尿病史、病变位置、吻合方式、手术时间、术中出血总量、重症呼吸室（ICU）时间、呼吸机使用时间、纤支镜吸痰次数、术后出现肺部感染、住院时间有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logisitic回归分析结果显示：术前白蛋白偏低、病变位置位于上段、术后出现肺部感染、糖尿病史、吻合方式为手工吻合、住院时间偏长是食管癌患者术后发生颈部吻合口瘘的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：胸腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术治疗食管癌患者,可有效减轻免疫抑制,但不可避免的会影响机体的肺功能,且颈部吻合口瘘的发生受到术前白蛋白、病变位置、术后出现肺部感染等多方面的影响,应着重关注此类患者,以防吻合口瘘的发生。     

超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率影响因素分析

摘要 目的：观察超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率的影响因素。方法：选择2018年6月-2020年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行超声引导下自体动静脉内瘘球囊扩张患者230例作为研究对象,根据患者术前血镁水平将患者为低镁血症组87例、正常及高镁血症组143例。分析患者一般人口学资料、术前实验室检查及超声记录指标,随访预后疗效。结果：手术技术成功率98.12 %,平均随访443±100天。两组术后3个月的血管内径与透析血流量高于术前,正常及高镁血症组高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。术后3个月正常及高镁血症组的总有效率高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。正常及高镁血症组术后3个月、6个月与1年的血管通畅率分别为90.9 %、77.62 %、67.83 %,明显高于低镁血症组的80.46 %、64.37 %、51.72 %（P<0.05）。COX多因素分析影响随访血管1年通畅率的因素主要为镁、血管内径、肱动脉血流量、年龄等（P<0.05）。结论：超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术对自体动静脉内瘘狭窄或血栓具有很好的效果,低镁血症、血管内径、肱动脉血流量是影响血管通畅率的重要因素。     

Stem cell therapy applied for digestive anastomosis: Current state and future perspectives

BACKGROUND Digestive tract resections are usually followed by an anastomosis.Anastomotic leakage,normally due to failed healing,is the most feared complication in digestive surgery because it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Despite technical and technological advances and focused research,its rates have remained almost unchanged the last decades.In the last two decades,stem cells(SCs)have been shown to enhance healing in animal and human studies;hence,SCs have emerged since 2008 as an alternative to improve anastomoses outcomes.AIM To summarise the published knowledge of SC utilisation as a preventative tool for hollow digestive viscera anastomotic or suture leaks.METHODS PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus and Cochrane searches were performed using the key words“anastomosis”,“colorectal/colonic anastomoses”,“anastomotic leak”,“stem cells”,“progenitor cells”,“cellular therapy”and“cell therapy”in order to identify relevant articles published in English and Spanish during the years of 2000 to 2021.Studies employing SCs,performing digestive anastomoses in hollow viscera or digestive perforation sutures and monitoring healing were finally included.Reference lists from the selected articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent articles.METHODS Given the great variability in the study designs,anastomotic models,interventions(SCs,doses and vehicles)and outcome measures,performing a reliable meta-analysis was considered impossible,so we present the studies,their results and limitations.RESULTS Eighteen preclinical studies and three review papers were identified;no clinical studies have been published and there are no registered clinical trials.Experimental studies,mainly in rat and porcine models and occasionally in very adverse conditions such as ischaemia or colitis,have been demonstrated SCs as safe and have shown some encouraging morphological,functional and even clinical results.Mesenchymal SCs are mostly employed,and delivery routes are mainly local injections and cell sheets followed by biosutures(sutures coated by SCs)or purely topical.As potential weaknesses,animal models need to be improved to make them more comparable and equivalent to clinical practice,and the SC isolation processes need to be standardised.There is notable heterogeneity in the studies,making them difficult to compare.Further investigations are needed to establish the indications,the administration system,potential adjuvants,the final efficacy and to confirm safety and exclude definitively oncological concerns.CONCLUSION The future role of SC therapy to induce healing processes in digestive anastomoses/sutures still needs to be determined and seems to be currently far from clinical use.     

Cerebrovascular casting of the adult mouse for 3D imaging and morphological analysis

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents. In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)(1). In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis. The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level(2), and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body.     

微波治疗对痔瘘术后患者预后及血清NGF、PGE2、NPY水平的影响

目的:探讨微波治疗对痔瘘术后患者的预后及血清神经生长因子(NGF)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、神经肽Y(NPY)水平的影响。方法:选择我院2016年6月至2018年7月接诊的120例痔瘘术后患者,通过随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组患者给予微波治疗。两组患者均连续治疗1周。比较两组治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群、凝血功能、血清炎症因子、NGF、PGE2、NPY水平的变化情况、预后及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组CD_3~+、CD_8~+均高于对照组,CD_4~+/CD_8~+低于对照组(P0.05);观察组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)均长于对照组,纤维蛋白原(FIB)低于对照组(P0.05);观察组血清CRP、TNF-α和PCT水平均明显优于对照组(P0.05),血清NGF、PGE2、NPY水平均低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者治疗后第3天和5天肛门水肿评分和创面愈合时间均少于对照组,创面愈合率高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后并发症的总发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:微波治疗痔瘘术后患者能有效改善患者免疫功能,减轻炎症反应,降低血清NGF、PGE2、NPY水平,有利于促进患者恢复,且安全性高。     

磁共振检查对复杂性肛瘘手术治疗患者的指导价值及术后复发的危险因素分析

目的:探讨磁共振成像技术(MRI)对复杂性肛瘘诊断和术前评估的指导意义及术后复发的危险因素。方法:前瞻性选取2015年6月至2017年12月到我院诊断并接受手术治疗的359例复杂性肛瘘患者,将其随机分为观察组182例和对照组177例。对照组患者术前未行MRI检查,术中行亚甲蓝染色指导手术治疗。观察组术前行MRI检查,术中给予亚甲蓝染色结合术前评估行手术治疗,以术中探查结果为金标准,统计MRI术前检查复杂性肛瘘的准确率,Kappa检验评估MRI检查结果与术中探查结果的一致性,经1-2年的随访统计所有患者复发情况,单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析术后复发的危险因素。结果:观察组术中探查共发现瘘管内口281个,合并肛周脓肿57例,多发瘘管及支管151例,MRI术前检查瘘管内口、合并肛周脓肿、多发瘘管及支管的准确率分别为98.22%(276/281)、85.96%(49/57)、96.03%(145/151),观察组中MRI结果与术中探查结果对患者Parks分型通过一致性检验显示,两结果一致性较好(k=0.890,P=0.001)。单因素分析结果显示,肛瘘位置、内口位置、合并肛周脓肿、既往肛瘘手术史及术前是否行MRI检查均会影响复发率(均P0.05),Logistic回归多因素分析显示,术前未进行MRI检查、高位肛瘘、内口位于后正中线、既往肛瘘手术史是复杂性肛瘘术后复发的危险因素(均P0.05)。结论:MRI检查复杂性肛瘘能够术前明确瘘管及内口数量,可较为精确地识别瘘管Parks分型,有助于提高手术疗效,合并肛周脓肿、术前未进行MRI检查、高位肛瘘、内口位于后位、既往肛瘘手术史是复杂性肛瘘术后复发的危险因素。     

彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果分析

目的:探讨与分析彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果。方法:选择2017年2月至2019年5月在本院诊治的尿毒症血液透析并行自体动静脉内瘘的患者90例,在术前1-3 d与术后3个月进行超声监测,记录超声特征。记录患者术后内瘘失功、并发症发生情况并进行相关性分析。结果:所有患者都顺利完成自体动静脉内瘘;术后3个月患者自体动静脉内瘘在超声上表现为"u"或"v"形管状结构,表现为高速低阻动静脉瘘血流频谱,瘘口处彩色血流均显示为五彩镶嵌紊乱血流。术后3个月患者的头静脉与桡动脉内径、血流量都高于术前(P0.05)。90例患者术后3个月发生血栓形成2例、狭窄1例和静脉瘤样扩张4例,并发症发生率为7.8%。同时发生8例动静脉内瘘失功,发生率为8.9%;Pearson相关分析法显示术后动静脉内瘘失功、并发症发生情况与头静脉、桡动脉内径与血流量存在显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声应用于尿毒症血液透析患者及动静脉内瘘患者可监测内瘘血流动力学、血管形态学变化,能够客观评价内瘘失功与并发症发生情况。     

Identification and characterization of cow's milk proteins from the rat intestinal lymph using a proteomic strategy

Food proteins were considered to be absorbed into the body after being digested to amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides. However, there are studies indicating that some proteins can pass through the intestinal epithelium under normal physiological conditions, perhaps not in sufficient quantities to be of nutritional importance, but in quantities that may be antigenically or biologically active. In the present study, rat intestinal lymph samples were collected using a modified lymph fistula rat model in fasting and cow's milk postprandial states. Low molecular weight proteins were enriched by ultrafiltration and differential solubilization, separated by 1D‐SDS‐PAGE, digested in‐gel based on molecular weight, and identified using nano‐LC‐MS/MS. In the postprandial rat intestinal lymph, nine bovine‐specific proteins (false discovery rate ≤1%) were identified in different molecular weight regions. Most proteins identified in lymph were highly abundant proteins in the milk, such as β‐lactoglobulin and caseins. Seven of the nine identified bovine‐specific proteins are allergens in milk. This strategy can be used to search for proteins that can enter the intestinal lymph and analyze their common features. Understanding the common features of these proteins might help to develop protein drugs taken orally, so that therapeutic proteins might embody fusion domains for cross‐barrier transport or translocation.