马占相思叶片液汁碳同位素甄别率和水分利用效率

利用PMS压力室压取叶片液汁并借助稳定碳同位素质谱仪测定碳同位素比率,分析了马占相思(Acacia mangium )叶片液汁光合产物的甄别率(△)和估测了水分利用效率.结果表明:阴天马占相思林冠层日平均空气CO2 的碳同位素比率(δa)为-7.57‰±1.41‰,晴天则为-8.54‰±0.67‰;阴天叶片液汁的光合产物碳同位素比率(δp)日变化呈鞍型,而晴天则从早上至黄昏逐步降低;晴天δp与叶片/空气水汽压亏缺(D)明显呈负相关,阴天的δp变化相对较小;δp随叶片水势(ψ)降低而降低,显示水分胁迫引起δp降低;叶片液汁的D和经气体交换法获得的细胞胞间(Pi)和外界(Pa)CO2分压之比呈正相关,测定结果与理论上碳同位素相关扩散和生化分馏相一致.分析结果显示,田间马占相思空气CO2经气孔扩散的稳定同位素效应口a=4.6‰,有关Pi的净固定的稳定碳同位素效应6=28.2‰.认为液汁碳同位素甄别率是外围空气CO2进入光合产物的净甄别率,由叶片液汁△估测的水分利用效率与气体交换法所得结果相一致(R2=0.86,P＜0.001).本文所采用的叶片液汁光合产物测定即时△以及计算水分利用效率的方法,可减少田间条件下环境因素明显变化对水分和碳同位素的影响,该方法有助于进一步开展由植株至冠层扩展的碳和水分平衡的生理生态研究.     

南京郊区小菊访花昆虫的行为与活动规律

2006年6-10月对中国菊花种质资源保存中心内栽培小菊的访花昆虫进行了观察.结果表明:小菊的访花昆虫有32种,多数隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目和半翅目;不同月份访花昆虫的种类不同;不同种类访花者的形态特征、访花目的及访花行为有所不同,在植物传粉中的作用有很大差异;西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)为小菊的主要传粉者,其种群数量大,平均访花频率达16朵·min-1;晴天,西方蜜蜂和大红蛱蝶(Vanessa indica)的访花蜂数与温度的变化呈显著正相关(r=0.876,0.887);气温骤降、阴天及降雨会影响访花昆虫的种类和数量;同一天内不同时间,访花昆虫的访花频率有差异,一般每天11:00-13:00的访花频率最高.     

环境因素对天目山柳杉树轮δ13C方位分布的影响

应用方差分析、经验正交函数、合成分析,研究了天目山柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）树轮中δ^13C随方位的分布特征。应用相关分析探讨了这种分布特征的年际差异与环境因素的关系。结果表明：树轮δ^13C值有显著方位差异和年际变化,不同方位的差异可以用4个基本角分布型表示,其中一型表示各方位δ^13C比多年平均值偏大,其中北（N）、西（W）、西南（SW）、南（S）较平均值偏大约0.5,而其余4个方位偏大不到0.2;二型各方位也较多年平均值偏大,但各方位差异不大,除N方位较小外,其余均在0.2-0.4之间。三型为各方位δ^13C较平均状况偏小,其中西北（NW）、东北（NE）方位约偏小0.4,其余方位偏小0.2-0.3。四型表现为NE、东（E）、东南（SE）与平均状况一致,西北(NW)方位较平均状况偏大约0.1,N方位偏小0.2,其余3个方位则偏小约0.3。而其年际变化既可用这4个角分布型的更替表示,也可以用第一、二主成分表示。δ^13C的第一主成分与前一年8-12月降水量负相关,与当年1-3月降水正相关。第二主成分与前一年8月至当年1月的6个月平均气温正相关。不同的角分布型与不同的气候状态相联系。一型出现的有利气候条件是R8-12少、R1-3多、T3-7低并且T8-1高;二型出现的有利气候条件是R8-12少、R1-3多、T3-7低并且T8-1低;三型出现的有利气候条件是：R8-12多、R1-3少、T3-7高并且T8-1高;四型出现的有利气候条件是：R8-12多、R1-3少、T3-7高并且T8-1低。可见角分布型的差异可能包含着环境变化的信息,因此同时利用树轮整体平均δ^13C值的序列和角分布型序列来重建历史气候,可以得到更多的历史气候变化信息。     

环境因素对L-异亮氨酸发酵的影响

通过 5L自控发酵罐发酵实验 ,结合发酵过程中菌生长形态的变化 ,对L -异亮氨酸补料分批发酵进行研究 ,研究了环境因素对黄色短杆菌 (Brevibacteriumflavum)TJCN - 1的影响 ,优化出发酵最佳控制条件 ,提出分阶段发酵控制模式 ,对L -异亮氨酸生产有指导意义。     

芦蒿采后处理及环境因素与生理生化变化的关系

本文研究了芦蒿的呼吸、蒸腾、酶促褐变等生理生化特性及采后处理和环境因素对其变化的影响,为芦蒿贮藏保鲜提供了一定的理论依据。     

种子大小变异的进化生态学研究现状与展望

种子大小是植物生活史的核心特征之一。从4个方面综述种子大小变异进化生态学研究：(1)理论及研究方法;(2)环境、系统发育和母系影响;(3)进化机制;(4)生态学和进化意义。分析目前研究中存在的问题,并提出今后的研究方向。     

Mobilization and Acquisition of Sparingly Soluble P-Sources by Brassica Cultivars under P-Starved Environment I. Differential Growth Response,P-Efficiency Characteristics and P-Remobilization

Phosphorus （P） starvation is highly notorious for limiting plant growth around the globe. To combat P-starvation, plants constantly sense the changes in their environment, and elicit an elegant myriad of plastic responses and rescue strategies to enhance P-solublization and acquisition from bound soil P-forms. Relative growth responses, P-solublization and P- acquisition ability of 14 diverse Brassica cultivars grown with sparingly soluble P-sources （Rock-P （RP） and Ca3（PO4）2 （TCP）） were evaluated in a solution culture experiment. Cultivars showed considerable genetic diversity in terms of biomass accumulation, concentration and contents of P and Ca in shoots and roots, P-stress factor （PSF） and P use efficiency. Cultivars showed variable P-stress tolerance, and cultivars depicting low PSF and high P-efficiency values were better adaptable to P-starvation. In experiment 2, after initial feeding on optimum nutrition for 12 d after transplanting （DAT）, class-I （low P-tolerant （Oscar and Con-II）） and class-II （low P-sensitive （Gold Rush and RL-18）） cultivars were exposed to P-free environment for 25 d. All of the cultivars remobilized P from above ground parts to their roots during growth in P-free environment, the magnitude of which was variable in tested cultivars. P-concentrations （[P]s） at 37 DAT were higher in developing compared with developed leaves. Translocation of absorbed P from metabolically inactive to active sites in P- stressed plants may have helped class-I cultivars to establish a better rooting system, which provided a basis for enhanced P-utilization efficiency （PUE） and tolerance against P-stress. By supplying TCP and RP spatially separated from other nutrients in split root study, class-I cultivars were still able to mobilize RP and TCP more efficiently compared with class-II cultivars. To compare the growth behavior under P-stress, cultivars were grown in pots for 41 d after sowing, using a soil low in P （NaHCO3-extractable P = 3.97 mg/kg, M     

Mobilization and Acquisition of Sparingly Soluble P-Sources by Brassica Cultivars under P-Starved Environment II. Rhizospheric pH changes,Redesigned Root Architecture and Pi-Uptake Kinetics

Non-mycorrhizal Brassica does not produce specialized root structures such as cluster or dauciform roots but is an effective user of P compared with other crops. In addition to P-uptake, utilization and remobilization activity, acquisition of orthophosphate （Pi） from extracellular sparingly P-sources or unavailable bound P-forms can be enhanced by biochemical rescue mechanisms such copious H＋-efflux and/or carboxylates exudation into rhizosphere by roots via plasmalemma H＋ ATPase and anion channels triggered by P-starvation. To visualize the dissolution of sparingly soluble Ca-phosphate （Ca-P）, newly formed Ca-P was suspended in agar containing other essential nutrients. With NH4＋ applied as the N source, the precipitate dissolved in the root vicinity can be ascribed to rhizosphere acidification, whereas no dissolution occurred with nitrate nutrition. To observe in situ rhizospheric pH changes, images were recorded after embedding the roots in agar containing bromocresol purple as a pH indicator. P-tolerant cultivar showed a greater decrease in pH than the sensitive cultivar in the culture media （the appearance of typical patterns of various colors of pH indicator in the root vicinity）, and at stress P-level this acidification was more prominent. In experiment 2, low P-tolerant class-I cultivars （Oscar and Con-II） showed a greater decrease in solution media pH than low P-sensitive class-II （Gold Rush and RL-18） cultivars, and P-contents of the cultivars was inversely related to decrease in culture media pH. To elucidate P-stress- induced remodeling and redesigning in a root architectural system, cultivars were grown in rhizoboxes in experiment 3. The elongation rates of primary roots increased as P-supply increased, but the elongation rates of the branched zones of primary roots decreased. The length of the lateral roots and topological index values increased when cultivars were exposed to a P-stress environment. To elucidate Pi-uptake kinetics, parameters related to P influx： maximal     

广西木论国家级自然保护区铁榄群落优势种群的生态位研究

对广西木论国家级自然保护区铁榄[Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum (Hemsl.) H.Chuang]群落优势种群的重要值进行了测定,并利用Levins和Hurlbert的生态位宽度指标及百分率相似性指数、Pianka和王刚的生态位重叠指数对这些优势种群的生态位进行了研究.结果表明,该铁榄群落中有11个优势种群,其中铁榄的重要值总和最大(319.27%),小栾树[Boniodendron minus (Hemsl.) T.Chen]、日本女贞(Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.)和广西密花树(Rapanea kwangsiensis Walker)的重要值总和也均在200%以上,掌叶木[Handeliodendron bodinieri (Lévl.) Rehd.]、朴树(Celtis sinensis Pers.)和榔榆(Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.)的重要值总和较小,均在70%以下.生态位宽度值较大的优势种群为铁榄、广西密花树、小栾树、红背山麻杆[Alchornea trewioides (Benth.) Müll.Arg.]及九里香(Murraya exotica L.Mant.),生态位宽度值最小的是掌叶木.用3种方法测得的生态位重叠结果基本一致;生态位重叠值较大的种对有铁榄-小栾树、小栾树-日本女贞及小栾树-广西密花树等;生态位重叠值较小的种对有掌叶木-朴树和掌叶木-榔榆等.研究结果显示,重要值大的优势种群生态位宽度通常较大,生态位宽度大的优势种群间通常生态位重叠较大,但喀斯特生境的高异质性也可使生态位宽度较小的种对间产生较大的生态位重叠;该铁榄种群中大部分优势种群的生态位相似值和重叠值较高,说明该铁榄群落优势种群间竞争较强,群落结构可能具有一定的不稳定性.     

伊犁地区野生毛牛蒡和牛蒡的种群分布、生态和群落特性的研究

在充分踏察的基础上,选择具有代表性的样地,接线路调查法和样地调查法得出野生毛牛蒡和牛蒡种群的分布格局在伊犁地区总体上呈随机分布,占86．7％的调查样地;小范围内也有群聚分布的,占13．3％的调查样地;分布于喜光、低海拔、对土壤适应性高、生活力强等是牛蒡和毛牛蒡的生态习性;常与各类草本为伍,与菊科、禾本科、唇形科、藜科、蓼科、蒺藜科等常见科的植物均能共生于同一环境,是牛蒡和毛牛蒡的群落学特性;植被类型和人为因素是影响它们分布的环境因素。