转基因抗虫玉米发展现状与展望*

转基因抗虫玉米的商业化种植,成为大幅提高农业生产力的主要推进器之一。近年来,转基因抗虫玉米产业化规模不断扩大,有效控制了靶标害虫的发生危害,降低了化学杀虫剂的施用,为粮食安全与农民增收提供了重要保障。介绍了全球转基因抗虫玉米的发展现状,分析了与转基因抗虫玉米种植相关的生态问题,并提出了推进转基因抗虫玉米在我国产业化的相关建议。     

转基因白桦杂交子代种子活力及外源基因遗传规律分析

探索目的基因在转基因白桦杂交子代群体中的传递规律,为后续进一步跟踪调查,实现转基因白桦的聚合育种提供帮助。以1年生BpAP1、TabZIP转基因白桦杂交T1代和5年生BpGH3.5、BpCCR转基因白桦为研究对象,测定杂交子代种子千粒质量、发芽率和发芽势等活力指标,同时采用PCR扩增法检测目的基因,调查杂交T2代白桦苗高。杂交子代各家系间种子千粒质量、种子活力指标和苗高等在0.01水平上差异显著,各性状的家系遗传力均高于85.00%。研究结果表明,目的基因在T2代群体中的传递规律不符合孟德尔遗传规律,雌、雄配子目的基因的传递效率分别为30.00%、50.00%左右,同时未获得3目的基因聚合的杂交T2代个体。目的基因的随机插入降低了白桦杂交T2代种子活力,未获得3基因聚合的白桦杂交子代,目的基因的聚合对杂交子代个体的生长发育产生了不利影响,甚至产生致死现象。     

转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全评价研究进展

转基因大豆是目前种植最广泛的转基因作物之一,其中具有耐除草剂特性的转基因大豆占比最高。公众对转基因食品一直争议不断,因此,其批准商业化种植前的食用安全性评价显得尤为重要。已有研究显示,转基因耐除草剂大豆已经商业化种植了二十多年,迄今为止还没有观察到任何不良反应。目前已经批准的转基因耐除草剂大豆均进行了严格的毒理学评价、过敏性评价和营养学评价,经过严格评价后上市的转基因大豆可以放心食用。综述了转基因耐除草剂大豆的主要类型,分析了可能存在的安全性问题,对转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全性评价方法进行了总结,以期为后续相关转基因食品安全性评价工作的开展提供借鉴。     

转基因植物中外源基因的沉默及应对策略

随着转基因技术在作物育种领域的应用,转基因植物中外源基因表达量低的现象较为普遍。导致外源基因表达量低的主要原因是基因沉默。外源基因沉默可分为转录水平的基因沉默和转录后水平的基因沉默。如何应对基因沉默,提高外源基因的表达量,是转基因技术发展亟待解决的问题。     

转基因低水平混杂问题——政策与内涵

转基因技术近年来在世界范围内快速发展,但由于不同国家在转基因审批上的不同步,以及各国设立严格的转基因低水平混杂阈值,导致正常的农产品贸易由于无意混入少量转基因成分而发生贸易摩擦,甚至导致贸易中断.从转基因低水平混杂(LLP)的含义出发分析其特殊性,分析了世界主要国家的LLP政策以及严格的LLP政策对贸易产生的负面影响.根据研究结果指出:在当前转基因作物采用率不断提高,以及转基因新品种研发加速背景下,转基因低水平混杂在技术上是不可避免的.因此,有必要在全球范围内建立转基因安全互信机制,各国需要尽量减少审批不同步时滞,设置合理的转基因低水平阈值,降低对正常贸易的负面影响.研究结果对中国转基因LLP政策和有关标准制定有一定借鉴意义.     

牛乳铁蛋白肽转基因小鼠的构建

目的:探讨牛乳铁蛋白肽在转基因鼠乳汁中的表达及其抑菌活性。方法:将实验室构建并保存的包含山羊β-酪蛋白基因启动子和牛乳铁蛋白肽基因的乳腺特异表达载体PI-bcp-LfcinB,用Xho I和Nru I双酶切,得到含有全部表达盒的显微注射DNA片段,采用常规显微注射技术获得转基因小鼠。并通过对泌乳期转基因雌鼠乳腺组织的RT-PCR检测,确定了牛乳铁蛋白肽在mRNA水平的表达,同时利用琼脂板扩散法检测了转基因鼠乳汁中表达产物的抑菌活性。结果:获得了牛乳铁蛋白肽转基因小鼠,且转基因小鼠乳汁中能够表达具有抑菌活性的牛乳铁蛋白肽。结论:通过转基因动物乳腺可以获得具有生物活性的牛乳铁蛋白肽,为进一步研究抗菌肽转基因牛、培育抗乳房炎奶牛新品种以及通过建立转基因动物生物反应器进行抗菌肽的大量生产奠定了基础。     

Protein Disulfide Isomerase 2 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is Involved in Circadian Rhythm Regulation

Protein disulfide isomerases （PDIs） are known to play important roles in the folding of nascent proteins and in the formation of disulfide bonds. Recently, we identified a PDI from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii （CrPDI2） by a mass spectrometry approach that is specifically enriched by heparin affinity chromatography in samples taken during the night phase. Here, we show that the recombinant CrPDI2 is a redox-active protein. It is reduced by thioredoxin reductase and catalyzes itself the reduction of insulin chains and the oxidative refolding of scrambled RNase A. By immunoblots, we confirm a high-amplitude change in abundance of the heparin-bound CrPDI2 during subjective night. Interestingly, we find that CrPDI2 is present in protein complexes of different sizes at both day and night. Among three identified interac- tion partners, one （a 2-cys peroxiredoxin） is present only during the night phase. To study a potential function of CrPDI2 within the circadian system, we have overexpressed its gene. Two transgenic lines were used to measure the rhythm of phototaxis~ In the transgenic strains, a change in the acrophase was observed. This indicates that CrPDI2 is involved in the circadian signaling pathway and, together with the night phase-specific interaction of CrPDI2 and a peroxiredoxin, these findings suggest a close coupling of redox processes and the circadian clock in C. reinhardtii.     

转PvPGIP2基因小麦的获得与纹枯病抗性鉴定

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIP)是一种植物防卫蛋白,可阻止一些病原真菌的侵害。本研究克隆出扁豆PvP-GIP2基因编码序列,构建了受玉米泛素(ubiquitin)启动子控制的PvPGIP2基因表达载体pA25-PvPGIP2;采用基因枪法将pA25-PvPGIP2转化小麦推广品种扬麦18幼胚愈伤组织4000块,获得了203株再生植株。PCR检测出阳性植株65株,转化率为1.625%。对转PvPGIP2基因小麦T1～T2植株,进行外源基因的PCR、RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR(Q-RT-PCR)分析和小麦纹枯病抗性鉴定。结果表明,转入的PvPGIP2能够在转基因小麦中遗传、转录与表达;PvPGIP2基因的表达提高了转基因植株对小麦纹枯病的抗性。     

Characterization and Ectopic Expression of a Populus Hydroxyacid Hyd roxyci n nam oylt ra nsferase

Cutinized and suberized cell walls in plants constitute physiologically important environment interfaces. They act as barriers limiting the loss of water and nutrients and protecting against radiation and invasion of pathogens. The roles of cutin- and suberin polyesters are often attributed to their dominant aliphatic components, but the contri- bution of aromatic composition to their physiological function remains unclear. By functionally screening a subset of Populus trichocarpa BAHD/HXXXD acyltransferases, we identified a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase that shows specific transacylation activity on ~0-hydroxyacids using both feruloyl- and p-coumaroyl- CoA as the acyl donors. We named this enzyme P. trichocarpa hydroxyacid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1 （PtFHT1）. The ectopic expression of the PtFHT1 gene in Arabidopsis increased the incorporation of ferulate in root and seed suberins and in leaf cutin, but not that of p-coumarate, while the aliphatic load in both suberin and cutin polyesters essentially remained unaffected. The overaccumulation of ferulate in lipophilic polyester significantly increased the tolerance of transgenic plants to salt stress treatment; under sub-lethal conditions of salt stress, the ratios of their seed germination and seedling establishment were 50% higher than those of wild-type plants. Our study suggests that, although aromatics are the minor component of polyesters, they play important role in the sealing function of lipidic polymers in planta.     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟幼虫的取食、生长及存活的影响

本文采用活体生测的方法测定了转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)幼虫的取食、生长以及存活的影响。结果表明,以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻为食的大螟3龄和5龄幼虫的累计取食量和相对摄食率与对照相比都显著的减少。取食转Bt水稻后,大螟3龄和5龄幼虫体重均出现负增长。随着取食转基因水稻时间的延长,大螟3龄幼虫的校正死亡率可以达到100%,5龄幼虫的校正死亡率达到85%。