超微超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒检测良恶性淋巴结的实验研究

目的:研究超微超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒(USPIO)增强MRI检测正常、反应性增生淋巴结和肿瘤转移淋巴结的价值.方法:新西兰免24只,静脉注射0.2mmolFe/kg的USPIO,原子吸收光谱仪检测兔体内脏器铁含量.另取4只兔,作为正常淋巴结组.4只兔双侧后腿肌肉注射蛋黄乳胶,用于建立腘窝反应性增生淋巴结模型,4只兔后腿肌肉接种VX2肉瘤,用于建立腘窝肿瘤转移淋巴结模型.3组动物均静注0.2mmolFe/kg的USPIO,于注射前、注射后12h分别行MRI扫描,观察淋巴结信号强度变化.扫描后取出淋巴结,行HE染色、普鲁士蓝染色观察淋巴结结构变化,铁颗粒的存在,原子吸收光谱仪检测铁含量.结果:USPIO在兔体内血循环时间较长(>12h),除脾肝肺外,其主要分布至淋巴结等网状内皮细胞和吞噬细胞.MRI平扫时,正常、反应性增生淋巴结和肿瘤转移淋巴结T2信号强度无显著差异,静注USPIO后,正常、反应性增生淋巴结中心T2信号强度明显降低,肿瘤转移淋巴结信号强度无明显变化.HE染色、普鲁士蓝染色和原子吸收光谱仪检测显示,正常、反应性增生淋巴结均舍有USPIO铁颗粒,而肿瘤转移性淋巴结淋巴结结构丧失,未见铁颗粒.结论:静脉注射USPIO后MR成像可用来鉴别良恶性淋巴结.     

固体脂质纳米粒制备方法的研究进展

固体脂质纳米粒是近年来备受关注的一种新型给药系统,本文对近年来固体脂质纳米粒的新型制备方法:薄膜接触器法、超声-挤压过滤法、微通道法、纳米反应嚣法的制备原理,方法及特点进行了讨论,并对现阶段存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

硫酸长春碱聚乳酸缓释纳米粒的制剂学研究和体外释放度考察

目的:制备硫酸长春碱聚乳酸纳米粒(VLB-PLA-NPs)并考察其体外释放度.方法:采用复乳挥发法制备VLB-PLA-NPs,以包封率为主要指标评价指标,选择聚乳酸用量、超声时间、外水相浓度为考察因素,优化制备工艺,考察体外释放度.结果:优化工艺制备得VLB-PLA-NPs平均粒径为65±3.03nm,包封率为(99.68±0.30)%,载药量为3.323±0.01μg/mg,体外释放可持续20天.结论:该制备工艺操作简便,结果稳定,缓释特征明显,应用前景良好.     

Cytokinesis and cancer： Polo loves ROCK＇n＇ Rho（A）

Cytokinesis is the last step of the M (mitosis) phase, yet it is crucial for the faithful division of one cell into two. Cytokinesis failure is often associated with cancer. Cytokinesis can be morphologically divided into four steps: cleavage furrow initiation, cleavage furrow ingression, midbody formation and abscission. Molecular studies have revealed that RhoA as well as its regulators and effectors are important players to ensure a successful cytokinesis. At the same time, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important kinase that can target many substrates and carry out different functions during mitosis, including cytokinesis. Recent studies are beginning to unveil a closer tie between Plk1 and RhoA networks. More specifically, Plk1 phosphorylates the centralspindlin complex Cyk4 and MKLP1/CHO1, thus recruiting RhoA guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Ect2 through its phosphopeptide-binding BRCT domains. Ect2 itself can be phosphorylated by Plk1 in vitro. Plk1 can also phosphorylate another GEF MyoGEF to regulate RhoA activity. Once activated, RhoA-GTP will activate downstream effectors, including ROCK1 and ROCK2. ROCK2 is among the proteins that associate with Plk1 Polo-binding domain (PBD) in a large proteomic screen, and Plk1 can phosphorylate ROCK2 in vitro. We review current understandings of the interplay between Plk1, RhoA proteins and other proteins (e.g., NudC, MKLP2, PRC1, CEP55) involved in cytokinesis, with particular emphasis of its clinical implications in cancer.     

The nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral proteins

Molecules can enter the nucleus by passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms, depending on their size. Small molecules up to size of 50-60 kDa or less than 10 nm in diameter can diffuse passively through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), while most proteins are transported by energy driven transport mechanisms. Active transport of viral proteins is mediated by nuclear localization signals (NLS), which were first identified in Simian Virus 40 large T antigen and had subsequently been identified in a large number of viral proteins. Usually they contain short stretches of lysine or arginine residues. These signals are recognized by the importin super-family (importin α and β) proteins that mediate the transport across the nuclear envelope through Ran-GTP. In contrast, only one class of the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) on viral proteins is known at present. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein mediates nuclear export of hundreds of viral proteins through the recognition of the leucine-rich NES.     

利用固相微萃取技术分析锈色粒肩天牛幼虫虫粪所含的挥发物成分

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire)成虫主要利用天牛幼虫蛀食树木时排出的虫粪所释放的挥发性化合物找到寄主所在的微栖境.本试验分别应用PDMS,DVB/CAR/PDMS,CAR/PDMS三种萃取头,采用固相微萃取技术对锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni (Hope)幼虫虫粪的挥发物进行了提取,再经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行化合物的鉴定.结果表明,虫粪中的挥发性物质主要为萜烯类,其中α-蒎烯的含量最高,柯巴烯的含量次之.三种萃取头在相同的温度和提取时间下,DVB/CAR/PDMS的萃取头的效果最好.     

大豆初生根凯氏带对铜离子的通透性

采用在根内生成有色铜沉淀的方法研究大豆(Glycine max)初生根凯氏带对铜离子的通透性。用真空泵抽取浓度为200 μmol·L^–1 的CuSO₄溶液进入根中, 然后在重力作用下从根基部灌注400 μmol·L^–1的K₄[Fe(CN)₆]溶液, 两种物质在根内相遇即可产生棕色的Cu₂[Fe(CN)₆]沉淀, 根据沉淀的位置来确定铜离子所经过的途径。结果表明: Cu²⁺可以穿过内皮层凯氏带, 在木质部导管壁以及凯氏带至木质部之间的细胞壁处产生棕色沉淀, 侧根发生的部位也产生了大量的沉淀; 当抽取K₄[Fe(CN)₆]溶液后再灌注CuSO₄溶液, 发现Cu²⁺仍然可以穿过凯氏带, 并在凯氏带外侧以及外皮层细胞的细胞壁处产生棕色沉淀。研究结果证明凯氏带并不是一个可以完全阻止离子进出的完美屏障。     

葱胞质雄性不育花蕾生化物质含量和能量代谢酶活性的动态变化特征

以葱胞质雄性不育系CA及其同核异质保持系CB为试材,研究了花蕾发育过程中IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA含量以及细胞色素氧化酶(COD)和ATP酶(ATPase)活性、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的动态变化规律.结果显示:(1)葱不育系花蕾的IAA和GA3含量在败育过程中显著低于保持系,而ZR和ABA含量则较保持系有不同程度的盈积.不育系花蕾COD和ATPase活性以及游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白质含量在中蕾期后显著低于保持系,可溶性糖在不同发育时期均基本低于保持系.(2)不育系花蕾IAA和GA3含量与可溶性糖含量变化均呈显著正相关,不育系ZR和保持系ABA含量则分别与COD、ATPase活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量存在负相关关系.研究表明,葱胞质雄性不育系花蕾中IAA和GA3亏缺,而ZR和ABA盈余,各种内源激素含量和营养物质含量与能量代谢有关酶活性相关性不尽相同.     

益生菌ZD02的分离及其在对虾集约化精养中的应用

从养殖环境分离纯化芽孢杆菌6株,对其进行消化酶活检测,根据检测的酶活指标选择ZD02作为待试验菌株并进行鉴定和热稳定性检测。结果表明:ZD02被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,具有耐受高温的特性,90℃水浴10min存活率93%,95℃水浴5min存活率93%,100℃水浴5min存活82%,95℃和100℃水浴2min不影响芽孢菌存活,在调质温度102℃条件下,制粒后芽孢菌存活率94%;将经过鉴定的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵培养后应用于凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的集约化精养殖,试验组A在基础饲料中添加0.3%的芽孢杆菌。试验组B保持配方成本不变的基础上添加0.3%的芽孢杆菌,结果显示,试验组的成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组A、B的产量分别比对照组提高了43.0%和36.7%(P0.05),产值分别提高35.4%和21.0%(P0.05),饲料系数比对照组分别降低了9.9%和8.7%(P0.05);换水耗电、水质调节剂、内服药物3项费用合计,A组和B组较对照组分别节省了21.3%和22.3%(P0.05);实验组之间各项指标差异不显著(P0.05);表明,在对虾的集约化精养过程中合理利用益生芽孢杆菌可以增产增收。     

线粒体蛋白质的转运

线粒体含有约1000种蛋白质,其中99%由细胞核DNA编码,在细胞质核糖体上合成后被分别转运至线粒体的内膜或外膜上、基质或膜间隙中。由众多分子机器组成的线粒体蛋白质转运系统参与了该生物学过程的执行。线粒体DNA编码的13种蛋白质也由该系统转运至线粒体内膜。本文就线粒体蛋白质转运系统中线粒体前体蛋白质的定位分选信号、转运复合物和转运途径作简要介绍。