基于不同浓度变量的温带落叶阔叶林CO2储存通量的误差分析

利用帽儿山温带落叶阔叶林通量塔8层CO₂/H₂O浓度廓线的测定数据,比较分析了基于不同浓度变量\[密度(ρ_c)、摩尔分数(c_c)和混合比(χ_c)\]计算CO₂储存通量(F_s)的误差.结果表明： 通量观测的控制体积内部干空气储存量不为常数,其波动可引起CO₂分子进出控制体积,即干空气储存通量调整项(F_sd)的变化.在夜间以及昼夜转换期,F_sd相对于涡动通量而言较大,忽略F_sd将为森林与大气之间净CO₂交换量的计算带来误差.大气水热过程对F_s计算引起的误差包括3方面：空气温度变化引起的误差最大,比大气压强(P)的影响高1个数量级;水蒸气的影响在温暖湿润的夏季大于P的影响,但在寒冷干燥的冬季则相反; P的效应在全年均较低.基于ρ_c、c_c和χ_c计算F_s分别平均高估CO₂有效储存通量(F_{s_E})8.5%、0.6%和0.1%.在通量计算过程中,建议选择对大气水热过程守恒的χ_c计算F_s.     

Tetanic contraction induces enhancement of fatigability and sarcomeric damage in atrophic skeletal muscle and its underlying molecular mechanisms

Muscle unloading due to long-term exposure of weightlessness or simulated weightlessness causes atrophy, loss of functional capacity, impaired locomotor coordination, and decreased resistance to fatigue in the antigravity muscles of the lower limbs. Besides reducing astronauts＇ mobility in space and on returning to a gravity environment, the molecular mechanisms for the adaptation of skeletal muscle to unloading also play an important medical role in conditions such as disuse and paralysis. The tail-suspended rat model was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness on skeletal muscles and to induce muscle unloading in the rat hindlimb. Our series studies have shown that the maximum of twitch tension and the twitch duration decreased significantly in the atrophic soleus muscles, the maximal tension of high-frequency tetanic contraction was significantly reduced in 2-week unloaded soleus muscles, however, the fatigability of high- frequency tetanic contraction increased after one week of unloading. The maximal isometric tension of intermittent tetanic contraction at optimal stimulating frequency did not alter in 1- and 2-week unloaded soleus, but significantly decreased in 4-week unloaded soleus. The 1-week unloaded soleus, but not extensor digitorum Iongus （EDL）, was more susceptible to fatigue during intermittent tetanic contraction than the synchronous controls. The changes in K＋ channel characteristics may increase the fatigability during high-frequency tetanic contraction in atrophic soleus muscles. High fatigability of intermittent tetanic contraction may be involved in enhanced activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2＋-ATPase （SERCA） and switching from slow to fast isoform of myosin heavy chain, tropomyosin, troponin I and T subunit in atrophic soleus muscles. Unloaded soleus muscle also showed a decreased protein level of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS）, and the reduction in nNOS-derived NO increased frequency of calcium sparks and elevated intracellular resting Ca2＋ concentration （[Ca2＋]i） in unloaded soleus muscles. High [Ca2＋]i activated calpain-1 which induced a higher degradation of desmin. Desmin degradation may loose connections between adjacent myofibrils and further misaligned Z-disc during repeated tetanic contractions. Passive stretch in unloaded muscle could preserve the stability of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2＋ release channels by means of keeping nNOS activity, and decrease the enhanced protein level and activity of calpain to control levels in unloaded soleus muscles. Therefore, passive stretch restored normal appearance of Z-disc and resisted in part atrophy of unloaded soleus muscles. The above results indicate that enhanced fatigability of high-frequency tetanic contraction is associated to the alteration in K＋ channel characteristics, and elevated SERCA activity and slow to fast transition of myosin heavy chain （MHC） isoforms increases fatigability of intermittent tetanic contraction in atrophic soleus muscle. The sarcomeric damage induced by tetanic contraction can be retarded by stretch in atrophic soleus muscles.     

心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植心梗大鼠梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化

目的应用免疫组化技术和电生理技术记录心肌细胞／胶原复合体对心梗大鼠梗死周边区的有效不应期（ERP）及缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）改变,探讨梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化。方法将成年SD大鼠随机分组：假手术组、模型组、移植组。后2组制作心肌梗死动物模型,假手术组仅开胸,不结扎冠状动脉,移植组移植心肌细胞与胶原材料复合组织。结果①左室ERP变化：与假手术组相比,心梗组梗死周边区ERP显著延长（P〈0．01）;移植组梗死周边区ERP延长,但较心梗阻ERP缩短,差异无显著性（P〉0．01）。②Cx43免疫组化结果：移植组Cx43阳性蛋白表达高于心梗组。结论移植的心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植可改善大鼠心肌梗死周边区缝隙连接电偶联网络,进而调控心肌细胞／胶原复合体与宿主心肌同步收缩。     

优质高产桑树新品种川桑7431的育成

以苍溪49×6031人工杂交桑种子为材料,采用秋水仙碱和60Co-γ射线复合诱变,从诱变群体中选择出优良单株培育成优质、高产桑树新品种川桑7431,新品种经四川省桑品种区域性鉴定和农村生产试验表明:新品种川桑7431具有生长势旺、叶片大而厚、节间密、高产、优质、遗传性状稳定等特点。全年平均产叶量33034.25 kg/hm2,比对照湖桑32号增产20.26%。用该品种桑叶养蚕的试验成绩为:万蚕收茧量19.56 kg,万蚕茧层量4.61 kg,5龄50 kg桑产茧量3.75 kg,分别比对照湖桑32号提高10.37%、10.43%、8.32%。秋叶硬化迟。新品种适合在四川省的平坝、丘陵、特别是容易发生干旱的蚕区栽植。     

糖原合酶激酶-3，一个信号通路的重要调控因子

糖原合酶激酶-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3) 是一种多功能的丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在蛋白质合成、信号传递、细胞增殖、细胞分化、神经功能、肿瘤形成及胚胎发育等众多细胞进程中均扮演重要的角色.GSK-3 能够使多种底物发生磷酸化,并参与胰岛素、Wnt及Hedgehog 等多个信号通路的调控. GSK-3抑制剂在信号通路中能有效地抑制病理情况下GSK-3活性的异常增高,达到治疗的目的.GSK-3的抑制剂将作为一种潜在的药物对治疗糖尿病、阿尔海默茨症、肿瘤等疾病发挥效用.     

一氧化氮——朋友还是敌人?

一氧化氮具有扩张毛细血管的作用,它就像给"泄气的皮球"充气一样,大大扩充了血管的容积,使血流畅通无阻。用专业术语来说,它能让血管平滑肌松弛。当然,一氧化氮在生物体内的功能远不止如此,从生长发育到衰老死亡无所不包。如果要细数     

常压下强电场辐射对国稻6号DNA甲基化的影响

目的:研究常压下强电场辐射对国稻6号DNA甲基化的影响.方法:常压下在相同时间下,以不同强度(和在相同强度下,以不同时间)辐射国稻6号种子,应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP)技术,研究在不同辐射条件下,水稻基因组DNA甲基化的水平及差异.结果:所有强电场辐射的试验组甲基化水平都比未辐射的对照组有所降低,并与辐射的时间和强度有关.细胞DNA全甲基化、半甲基化扩增位点占总扩增位点的比例为:12.89％～13.62％,3.36％～4.63％,随着辐射强度和时间的增加有所降低.结论:说明经强电场辐射的国稻6号水稻基因组DNA甲基化较亲本发生了明显的变异,强电场能引起表观遗传变异,为研究其规律奠定了基础,也为探讨水稻甲基化对水稻生长调控的分子机理提供了帮助.     

ECMO在脓毒症中应用的研究进展

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)是一种心肺支持技术,临床上能够为严重、可逆性的心肺衰竭患者提供循环、呼吸支持.近年来,新生儿、儿童和成人脓毒症患者应用ECMO治疗的成功报道日渐增多,掀起了脓毒症患者应用ECMO治疗的热潮.然而,ECMO在脓毒症患者中的临床应用却一直存在争议.大量回顾性研究表明新生儿及儿童脓毒症患者中应用的成功率相对较高,成人脓毒症患者应用ECMO治疗例数较少,但仍可在其他治疗无效的前提下尽早尝试ECMO治疗.     

丙泊酚对过氧化氢诱导人红细胞氧化应激状态下一氧化氮通路的影响

目的:一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)作为体内的一种细胞信使分子,在心血管活动中起重要作用.NO水平及其在体内的合成代谢通路与临床麻醉、危重症、术后恢复等密切相关、本实验通过使用H2O2在体外诱导人红细胞氧化应激反应,观察红细胞NO,eNOS,NO3-和NO2-水平的变化,及丙泊酚对这一变化的影响.方法:健康成年人红细胞制成2％红细胞悬液,分为10组:对照组(C组)、H2O2组(H组)、丙泊酚12.5 μmol/L组,丙泊酚25 μmol/L组,丙泊酚50 μmol/L组,丙泊酚100 μmol/L组,丙泊酚12.5μmol/L+ H2O2组(P12.5+H组)、丙泊酚25 μmol/L+ H2O2组(P25+H组)、丙泊酚50 μmol/L+H2O2组(P50+H组),丙泊酚100μmol/L+ H2O2组(P100+H组).各组H2O2的反应浓度均为200 μmol/L,孵育30 min,测定红细胞NO,eNOS,NO3-和NO2-水平的变化.结果:P50组(4.97± 0.58)NO水平高于其余各组(P＜0.05);H组(4.96± 0.52)NO水平高于其它组(P＜0.05);与C组(1.34±0.29)相比,P50组(2.23±0.33)和H组(2.33± 0.39)eNOS水平升高(P＜0.05);NO3-水平H组(43.78± 2.13)比C组(52.06±2.14)低(P=0.017);NO2-水平H组(13.32± 2.04)比C组(34.14± 1.48)低(P=0.025).结论:丙泊酚和H2O2能够使红细胞NO和eNOS水平的升高;H2O2引起红细胞NO升高和NO3-,NO2-的降低.我们推断,H2O2使体内产生的过量NO,会对机体产生害影响,而丙泊酚通过清除自由基、抑制H2O2诱导的红细胞硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-一氧化氮通路向氧化相移动来维持NO水平,实现维持NO生物利用率及保护人红细胞抵抗氧化损伤.     

浅谈食品检测实验室的有效管理

在多年的检测工作中,我们意识到食品检测实验室的有效管理与行业本身的要求有密切关系,它关系到机构本身的生存,以及在未来的发展和过渡期的传承。为在实际工作中来促进食品检测室的有效管理,我们来认识食品检测实验室管理的多样性和差异性。