Nature:研究发现与肝硬化相关肠道菌群的遗传特征

<正>近日,浙江大学医学院附属第一医院传染病诊治国家重点实验室、感染性疾病诊治协同创新中心主任李兰娟院士及其科研团队,找到了汉族人和肝硬化相关的肠道菌群的遗传特征,为检测晚期肝疾病提供了方法。该研究成果在学术期刊《自然》发表。目前,部分病毒性肝炎及脂肪性、酒精性、药物性、免疫性肝病患者会经历肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌"三部曲"。尽管有些研究表明,肠道微生物的改变在终末期肝硬化并发症中起重要作用,但一直缺乏肠道菌群和肝脏病变的确切关联证据。李兰娟院士及其科研团队通过收集181个来自于中国人肠道菌群的样本,其中包括98个中国肝硬化患者及83个健康中国志愿者的粪便样本,用宏基因组学的研究方法,开展了肝硬化肠道菌群的深度测序及关联分析研究,从中获得269万个非冗余的人体肠道微生物菌群的基因集,     

柑桔大实蝇产卵器的结构及形态观察

柑桔大实蝇Bactrocera minax (Enderlein)是柑桔果树上的重要害虫,近年来危害日趋严重,对我国柑桔生产造成了严重影响。本文在室内及野外观察了柑桔大实蝇雌虫产卵器的结构及外部形态特征。结果表明：产卵器分为产卵器基节、翻转膜、产卵管三部分,其长度依次为：4.63±0.38 mm、5.24±0.28 mm、4.39±0.32 mm,产卵器拉伸全长为14.24±0.27 mm。产卵器有3种状态：正常状态、产卵前准备状态、产卵状态。产卵前准备状态表现为产卵器完全伸长,可弯曲、反复旋转并回折成γ形。在雌虫产卵状态时,产卵器基节留在果实外,产卵管刺穿透果皮后在果皮下产卵。     

Identification of EGF as an Important Regulator for Promoting CYP3A4 Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Using TALEN-Based Gene Targeting

Functional human hepatocytes are one of the most significant tools for studying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion/toxicity （ADME/Tox）, especially for applications in preclinical drug development （Sahi et al., 2010; Godoy et al., 2013）. They provide the closest in vitro model to the human liver and the only model that mimics the drug metabolic profiles found in vivo. However, these cells lose their metabolic function rapidly and dramatically during the in vitro culture process, which largely hinders their wider application in drug development （Sahi et al., 2010; Godoy et al., 2013）. To overcome this obstacle, it is important to regulate the activities of key genes which are responsible for the detoxification metabolic function of human hepatocytes.     

台湾乳白蚁种群兵蚁量度特征变异及其分类学意义分析

台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus是我国南方木材及其建筑结构最主要的有害白蚁,也是世界重要的入侵性物种。台湾乳白蚁兵蚁品级的量度特征是其描述鉴定的重要依据,本文对台湾乳白蚁兵蚁主要量度特征数据进行了整合,并就台湾乳白蚁11个地理种群兵蚁品级的主要量度特征进行了比较,探讨了台湾乳白蚁相应量度特征的分类学意义。     

Animal behavior can inform conservation policy,we just need to get on with the jobor can it？

1 Conservation Behavior as an Emerging Discipline on the Brink of Success, or Unrealistic Ideal？
It seems intuitively sensible that an understanding of the behavioral characteristics of animals, such as their home ranges, diets, mating systems, and dispersal me- chanisms, may be useful to inform conservation efforts in determining, for example, suitable reintroduction areas, or the design of dispersal corridors.     

Boldness is related to the development of the cephalic crest in the male of the river blenny Salariafluviatilis （Asso, 1801）

Boldness is defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks when exposed to novel objects or situations. The main aim of this work was to dilucidate if boldness was related to the development of the secondary sexual traits （SSTs） in the male of the fiver blenny Salariafluviatilis, a freshwater fish which takes care of eggs. As a second objective SSTs effect on pa rental status adoption was also be explored. Wild young fish were caught in the Segre River （Ebro basin） in November 2010. Fish were kept in five aquaria in groups of eight males and eight females with artificial nests. Boldness （boldness score and hesitancy） of males （initially with little SSTs development） was tested as the time required to exit a refuge when exposed to a new environ ment. Fish were mantained in the same aquaria for several months, and males＇ SSTs development and reproductive behaviour were monitored. Boldness score was negatively associated to cephalic crest development. Hesitancy was negatively related to male length and was also influenced by the interaction between male length and cephalic crest. Parental status acquisition was positively related to the male＇s length, marginally related to anal gland development, and nonrelated to cephalic crest. These re sults suggest an intrasexual role of the crest as an informative trait of boldness （honest signal） which might not necessarily be chosen by the females. It is also discussed that correlational selection could be responsible for linking boldness and growth rate in this species. Sexual selection, in addition to having directed the evolution of secondary sexual traits, might have favored certain personality traits （e.g. boldness） associated with the achievement of a larger body length .     

四川山鹧鸪栖息地分析与预测

四川山鹧鸪Arborophila rufipectus属鸡形目雉科山鹧鸪属,是我国特产珍稀鸟类,国家一级重点保护野生动物,IUCN濒危物种。本文应用卫星遥感影像解译技术对该物种的现实栖息地和潜在栖息地进行了分析和预测。结果表明,现存四川山鹧鸪分布格局自四川中南部向云南东北延伸,跨越金沙江,呈现西北-东南走向,分布区涉及大相岭山系南缘、小相岭山系东缘、凉山山系东北部、乌蒙山山系西部,行政区域涉及2省5市(州)19县(区)。栖息地由10片现实栖息地和36片潜在栖息地组成,总面积约5869 km2。"甘洛-金口河-峨边-马边-美姑"片和"雷波-马边-屏山"片是四川省境内呈南北布局的两大核心分布区,"绥江-永善-水富-盐津-大关"片为云南省境内的核心分布区。     

青海湖地区5株 H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列进化分析

2012年7~9月从来源于青海湖地区活禽市场的环境样本中分离到5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,为了了解其基因遗传进化情况,本研究通过RT-PCR技术扩增分离毒株的8个基因片段,并进行全基因序列测定。对其分子特征及全基因序列进行遗传进化分析。结果显示5株病毒的HA基因片段的核苷酸相似度为93.2%~99.1%。NA基因核苷酸的相似度为94.5%~99.8%。A/environment/qinghai/017/2012的裂解位点为PSKSSRGLF,其它4个毒株的HA裂解位点均为PSRSSRGLF。5个病毒的HA基因第226位受体结合位点均为L。M1基因片段中发生了N30D和T215A替换。遗传进化分析表明5株病毒同2005年湖南分离的A/chicken/Hunan/5260/2005(H9N2)毒株类似,为一种重配基因型禽流感病毒。其中HA、NA、NS基因片段属于Y280-like支系,MP基因片段属于G1-like支系,NP、PB1、PB2、PA四个基因片段属于F98-like支系。     

福建省甲型H1N1流感病毒基因特征研究

为了解福建省甲型H1N1流感病毒基因变异特征和规律,对2009~2012年福建省分离的14株甲型H1N1流感病毒进行了全基因序列分析。结果发现,所有的毒株均是典型的低致病性流感病毒,对金刚烷胺类药物耐药,对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感。所有毒株与A/California/07/2009(H1N1)疫苗株保持高度同源,8个节段基因同源性均在98.2%以上。相比之下,福建省2012年的流感毒株抗原变异程度较大,其中A/Fujiangulou/SWL1155/2012毒株HA基因发生11个氨基酸位点改变,其中H138R、L161I、S185T和S203T位点的变异分别涉及Ca、Sa和Sb抗原决定簇。监测显示,疫苗对福建省人群保护效果较好,但福建省2012年毒株相对疫苗株已经出现抗原漂移,应进一步密切关注其变异情况。