鲮鱼遗传改良的研究 Ⅰ.杂交育种和遗传性状分析

本文介绍用杂交选育方法改良鲮鱼(Cirrhinus molitorella)耐低温能力的试验经过和已取得的进展。同时,分析讨论了杂交后代(一代和二代)性状遗传的某些结果。对鱼类低温适应和抗冻、抗寒等方面的研究进展作了介绍和讨论,并认为只有把鱼类耐低温性状遗传的分子机理彻底阐明,人们才有可能直接利用基因工程技术定向地改良像鲮鱼等不耐寒物种的抗寒性能。此外,我们也对如何改进鱼类杂交选育的技术措施提出一些意见。       

Olive mill wastewater disposal in evaporation ponds in Sfax (Tunisia): moisture content effect on microbiological and physical chemical parameters

The study of the isotherms desorption of olive mill wastewater (OMW) was investigated to describe its water activity under different saturated environments. The microbial biodegradation of OMW during its storage in 5 evaporation ponds located in Agareb (Sfax-Tunisia) was carried out during the oil-harvesting year held 105 days in 2004. Gravimetric static method using saturated salt solutions was used and OMW as placed at 30°C and under different water activities ranging from 0.11 to 0.90. Eight models were taken from the literature to describe experimental desorption isotherms. During storage, the evolution of physico-chemical parameters including pH, temperature, evaporation, humidity, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and phenols and three microbiological flora (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds) were considered. At 30°C, when relative humidity increased in the experimented ponds of 69, 84 and 90%, the evaporation speed decreased from 1.24 × 10⁻⁵ to 5 × 10⁻⁶ cm³ s⁻¹, from 6 × 10⁻⁵ to 7 × 10⁻⁶ cm³ s⁻¹ and from 5 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.1 × 10⁻⁷ cm³ s⁻¹ respectively. The desorption isotherm exhibited a sigmoidal curve corresponding to type II, typical of many organic material. The GAB and Peleg models gave the best fit for describing the relationship between the equilibrium moisture content and water activity in OMW (R ² = 0.998). During the storage period, the analysis showed an increase of all the physico-chemical parameters studied, except phenols and total phosphorus concentrations. The microbiological study showed the predominance of yeasts and moulds and the decrease of bacteria population after 75 days reflecting both effect of recalcitrant compounds and the water activity on microbial growth.     

养胃四君子茶对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物、酶活性及胃动力的影响

目的探讨养胃四君子茶对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响。方法将40只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、治疗组[养胃四君子茶(低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组)],每组8只。对模型组和治疗组采用灌胃番泻叶水提液7 d后,改用饮食不节+缺水燥结+过度疲劳喂养8 d等方法。造模结束后,模型组和正常对照组采用无菌水灌胃,治疗组用养胃四君子茶灌胃,0.8 mL/d连续6 d。然后采集肠道内容物,分析肠道菌群及酶活性。结果与正常对照组小鼠肠道细菌总数比较,模型组显著上升(P<0.05),治疗组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);大肠埃希菌数量各组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);小鼠肠道乳酸菌数量养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组均较正常对照组、模型组显著升高(均P<0.01);双歧杆菌数量养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组与正常对照组、模型组相比均显著升高(均P<0.01);与正常对照组比较,其余各组小鼠肠道酶活总体呈上升趋势,尤其肠道淀粉酶(P<0.01);养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组蛋白酶活性均显著上升(均P<0.05);与正常对照组比较,模型组及养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组木聚糖酶活性显著上升(P<0.01或P<0.05),其余组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与正常对照组比较,模型组及养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组纤维素酶活性均显著上升(均P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,模型组、养胃四君子茶低剂量组的血清D 木糖含量显著下降(均P<0.01)。结论养胃四君子茶可抑制细菌过度增长、扶植有益菌生长,改善肠道酶活性、增强胃肠蠕动,从而改善脾虚便秘。     

Discovery of the genus Formosiepyris Terayama, (Hymenoptera,Bethylidae) in Vietnam,with a description of a new species

Formosiepyris vietnamensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is described based on material collected from Da Lat, southern Vietnam. This is the first record of Formosiepyris Terayama from Vietnam. The new species can be distinguished from other Formosiepyris species by a narrow and rounded clypeus; a mandible with three teeth; a second metasomal tergite having small, sparsely distributed punctures and smooth interspaces, except for anterior 2/5, which is microreticulate; and a head length : width aspect ratio of 10 : 11. A key to the Oriental species of Formosiepyris is provided.     

TRPC3参与糖氧剥夺致培养的少突胶质细胞凋亡

目的:研究瞬时受体电位通道蛋白3(transient receptor potential channel 3,TRPC3)是否参与糖氧剥夺(oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD)少突胶质细胞的凋亡。方法:以原代培养的新生SD大鼠少突胶质细胞为对照组,以OGD2h的少突胶质细胞为模型组,将模型组+Pyr3阻断设为处理组。采用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测TRPC3蛋白的表达水平,MTT试剂盒比色法检测各组细胞存活率,Annexin V-FITC试剂盒染色后经流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,fluo-3染色后经流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜测定胞内游离钙的变化。结果:少突胶质细胞A2B5和MBP特异性标记阳性,细胞纯度可达到95%以上;少突胶质细胞OGD2h成功建立OGD模型;OGD组TRPC3蛋白表达增加;OGD组细胞活性为(54.34±6.55)%,凋亡率为(24.24±0.86)%,与对照组有显著差异(P0.05),Pyr处理组细胞存活率为(72.26±5.41)%,凋亡率为(14.82±0.28)%,与OGD组有显著差异(P0.05);OGD组胞内游离钙浓度显著升高,而Pyr3阻断以后可以部分抑制其升高。结论:TRPC3表达增加介导胞内游离钙离子水平的升高可能是OGD少突胶质细胞凋亡的重要原因之一。     

Light‐microscopic examinations of sperm in several lineages of Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): Implications for the evolution of sperm conjugation

Sperm show marked morphological diversity, but the processes and mechanisms driving this diversity have not been fully elucidated. The beetle family Carabidae represents a potential model system for studying sperm trait evolution. In this study, sperm traits (mainly conjugation and sperm conjugate gross morphology) of 42 species from nine subfamilies of Carabidae were examined using light microscopy. Except in Harpalinae, the type of conjugation was shared by all members of a particular subfamily: in Carabinae, Elaphrinae, Patrobinae and Brachinae, sperm conjugates were observed in which variable numbers of sperm clumped together; in Nebriinae, Cicindelinae and Trechinae, sperm were not organized as conjugates but were present individually; and in Broscinae, both individual sperm and sperm conjugates were observed. In the remaining subfamily, Harpalinae, sperm conjugates were formed in most species, but a loss of conjugation was observed in some species. Mapping the observed sperm traits onto within‐family molecular phylogenetic trees suggested that sperm conjugation was ancestral, with loss of conjugation evolving in several lineages. In sperm conjugates, a short spermatostyle (the axis of sperm conjugates) was the ancestral state, while a long spermatostyle evolved in subsequent lineages. In the long spermatostyle trait, the flexible type without a conspicuous 3D structure was ancestral, while the type with a conspicuous 3D structure, such as the spiral structure, evolved in derived lineages.     

肠道菌群与肿瘤化疗之间的互作关系

化疗药物的应用是当今治疗恶性肿瘤的主要方法之一。近年来,随着对人体微生物研究的不断深入,肠道菌群在疾病的诊断和治疗中发挥越来越重要的作用。肠道菌群具有调节炎症反应、维持肠道屏障功能稳定和调节免疫反应的作用,其菌株可能作为一种潜在的肿瘤诊断标志物。肠道菌群与化疗药物之间的关系越发紧密,如肠道菌群如何影响化疗药物的作用效果,恶心、呕吐、便秘、骨髓抑制等化疗药物的毒副作用对肠道菌群又有何种影响,应用益生菌后肠道菌群如何变化以及对化疗药物毒副作用有何影响。因此,本文回顾了化疗药物与肠道菌群相互作用研究的进展,希望为国内学者提供肠道菌群和癌症化疗之间关系的理论基础,并为治疗癌症提供新的研究思路。