Towards coeliac‐safe bread

Gluten‐free foods cannot substitute for products made from wheat flour. When wheat products are digested, the remaining peptides can trigger an autoimmune disease in 1% of the North American and European population, called coeliac disease. Because wheat proteins are encoded by a large gene family, it has been impossible to use conventional breeding to select wheat varieties that are coeliac‐safe. However, one can test the properties of protein variants by expressing single genes in coeliac‐safe cereals like maize. One source of protein that can be considered as coeliac‐safe and has bread‐making properties is teff (Eragrostis tef), a grain consumed in Ethiopia. Here, we show that teff α‐globulin3 (Etglo3) forms storage vacuoles in maize that are morphologically similar to those of wheat. Using transmission electron microscopy, immunogold labelling shows that Etglo3 is almost exclusively deposited in the storage vacuole as electron‐dense aggregates. Of maize seed storage proteins, 27‐kDa γ‐zein is co‐deposited with Etglo3. Etglo3 polymerizes via intermolecular disulphide bonds in maize, similar to wheat HMW glutenins under non‐reducing conditions. Crossing maize Etglo3 transgenic lines with α‐, β‐ and γ‐zein RNA interference (RNAi) lines reveals that Etglo3 accumulation is only dramatically reduced in γ‐zein RNAi background. This suggests that Etglo3 and 27‐kDa γ‐zein together cause storage vacuole formation and behave similar to the interactions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat. Therefore, expression of teff α‐globulins in maize presents a major step in the development of a coeliac‐safe grain with bread‐making properties.     

两个特用稻的营养供应水平与32P、14C分布和谷产量的关系

香稻(竹香粘)的分蘖数多,其分蘖期根系吸收³²P和³²P分布到分蘖,以高、中肥和高N,高K肥处理的为高;¹⁴C-葡萄糖同化物分布在分蘖比黑米稻(黑优粘)和常规稻“双桂36”的高,但灌浆期和黄熟期¹⁴C分布在稻穗较少.低肥处理的稻谷产量较高.而在高、中肥条件下结实率降低,实粒数减少,成穗率稍低,谷产量也比“黑优粘”和“双桂36”低. “黑优粘”在高肥、高N条件下的分蘖多,成穗率高、结实粒数也较多,稻谷产量比“竹香粘”高,在高、中肥、高 N高 P条件下,³²P分布于分蘖多,分蘖的¹⁴C分布则以高 N,高 K肥条件下的多;开花和灌浆用稻穗的¹⁴C分布皆以高 K肥水平的为高。“黑优粘”是耐肥和需钾肥品种,高肥、高K可提高其稻谷产量,但仍比“双桂36”低.     

A novel synthetic small molecule YF-452 inhibits tumor growth through antiangiogenesis by suppressing VEGF receptor 2 signaling

Tumor angiogenesis is characterized by abnormal vessel morphology, endowing tumor with highly hypoxia and unresponsive toward treatment. To date, mounting angiogenic factors have been discovered as therapeutic targets in antiangiogenic drug development. Among them, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors exerts potent antiangiogenic activity in tumor therapy. Therefore, it may provide a valid strategy for cancer treatment through targeting the tumor angiogenesis via VEGFR2 pathway. In this study, we established a high-profile compounds library and certificated a novel compound named N-(N-pyrrolidylacetyl)-9-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-β-carboline (YF-452), which remarkably inhibited the migration, invasion and tube-like structure formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with little toxicity invitro. Rat thoracic aorta ring assay indicated that YF-452 significantly blocked the formation of microvascular exvivo. In addition, YF-452 inhibited angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse corneal micropocket assays. Moreover, YF-452 remarkably suppressed tumor growth in xenografts mice model. Furthermore, investigation of molecular mechanism revealed that YF-452 inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 kinase and the downstream protein kinases including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src. These results indicate that YF-452 inhibits angiogenesis and may be a potential antiangiogenic drug candidate for cancer therapy.     

千烟洲人工林主要树种地上生物量的估算

利用不同参数和函数,模拟了千烟洲人工林主要树种马尾松、湿地松和杉木的枝条、叶生物量和总生物量及单株各器官生物量,选择最佳函数计算生物量在各树种不同器官中的分配,估算不同林型的地上生物量.结果表明,不同树种的枝条基径(d)和枝条生物量(BW)、叶生物量(LW)之间,当d³为自变量时,相关系数最高,湿地松利用线性函数、马尾松和杉木利用幂函数模拟效果最佳;单木总生物量以利用D²H(胸径²×树高)为自变量的幂函数模拟相关系数最高;3个树种叶和枝生物量各有不同的最佳自变量和函数类型,但同一树种的叶、枝生物量最佳拟合方程的自变量和函数类型一致.马尾松林、湿地松林和杉木林的地上生物量分别为83.6、72.1和59 t·hm^-2,其中树干生物量所占比重最大,叶生物量最小.根据前人的研究结果推算3种林分地下生物量分别为10.44、9.42和11.48 t·hm^-2,其固碳量分别为47.94、45.14和37.52 t·hm^-2.     

The encyclopedia of maize kernel gene expression

正The maize kernel contains two filial products of the double fertilization, wherein one of the two sperm cells(1C, the DNA content of a haploid genome) from a pollen grain fertilizes the egg(1 C) to form the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the central cell(2C) to produce the primary endosperm. The zygote(2C) undergoes a series of asymmetric and symmetric divisions and axial patterning, eventually differ-     

Comparative Analysis of Tolerant and Susceptible Citrus Reveals the Role of Methyl Salicylate Signaling in the Response to Huanglongbing

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), is the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Tolerance to HLB has been observed in some citrus varieties, but its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Methyl salicylate (MeSA), involved in salicylic acid (SA) signaling, is a critical mobile signal for plant systematic acquired resistance (SAR). This study compared the response of tolerant sour pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) and susceptible Jincheng orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) to Las infection. During 18 months of resistance evaluation, sour pomelo displayed significantly delayed and milder symptoms, and tolerated higher levels of Las growth, compared with Jincheng orange. High levels of MeSA were detected in sour pomelo and MeSA responded positively to Las infection. Little MeSA was found in Jincheng orange regardless of Las infection. Correspondingly, the SA content in sour pomelo was significantly higher than that in Jincheng orange. During Las infection, SA levels decreased significantly in sour pomelo but increased in Jincheng orange. These data indicated that MeSA was correlated with tolerance to HLB in citrus. Gene expression analysis showed that CsSAMT1 and CsSABP2-1, involved in the interconversion of MeSA and SA, were related to MeSA accumulation in sour pomelo, and sour pomelo possesses a strong SAR response. Our study indicates that MeSA-mediated SAR plays an important role in citrus tolerance to HLB. This study provides new insights into HLB tolerance in citrus and useful guidance for improving citrus resistance to HLB by manipulation of MeSA signaling in the future.

     

体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术中的应用

本文概述体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔原生质体培养、花药培养、苗木脱毒、胚乳培养、快速繁殖、抗盐突变体筛选和基因工程等研究领域的应用,并对胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术上的应用提出一些看法。     

两个特用稻的营养供应水平与~(32)P、~(14)C分布和谷产量的关系

香稻(竹香粘)的分蘖数多,其分蘖期根系吸收~(32)P和~(32)P分布到分蘖,以高、中肥和高N,高K肥处理的为高;~(14)C-葡萄糖同化物分布在分蘖比黑米稻(黑优粘)和常规稻“双桂36”的高,但灌浆期和黄熟期~(14)C分布在稻穗较少.低肥处理的稻谷产量较高.而在高、中肥条件下结实率降低,实粒数减少,成穗率稍低,谷产量也比“黑优粘”和“双桂36”低. “黑优粘”在高肥、高N条件下的分蘖多,成穗率高、结实粒数也较多,稻谷产量比“竹香粘”高,在高、中肥、高 N高 P条件下,~(32)P分布于分蘖多,分蘖的~(14)C分布则以高 N,高 K肥条件下的多;开花和灌浆用稻穗的~(14)C分布皆以高 K肥水平的为高。“黑优粘”是耐肥和需钾肥品种,高肥、高K可提高其稻谷产量,但仍比“双桂36”低.