全文获取类型
收费全文 | 22134篇 |
免费 | 2054篇 |
国内免费 | 2584篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 33篇 |
2023年 | 193篇 |
2022年 | 258篇 |
2021年 | 846篇 |
2020年 | 697篇 |
2019年 | 906篇 |
2018年 | 904篇 |
2017年 | 739篇 |
2016年 | 1009篇 |
2015年 | 1400篇 |
2014年 | 1670篇 |
2013年 | 1794篇 |
2012年 | 2058篇 |
2011年 | 1960篇 |
2010年 | 1390篇 |
2009年 | 1244篇 |
2008年 | 1388篇 |
2007年 | 1279篇 |
2006年 | 1106篇 |
2005年 | 1048篇 |
2004年 | 906篇 |
2003年 | 865篇 |
2002年 | 772篇 |
2001年 | 438篇 |
2000年 | 318篇 |
1999年 | 268篇 |
1998年 | 234篇 |
1997年 | 185篇 |
1996年 | 133篇 |
1995年 | 103篇 |
1994年 | 95篇 |
1993年 | 68篇 |
1992年 | 84篇 |
1991年 | 62篇 |
1990年 | 43篇 |
1989年 | 50篇 |
1988年 | 42篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 21篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
分析了黑松、马尾松及其杂种的核型。其核型公式:黑松为K(2n)=24-20m(6_(SAT)))+4sm;杂种为K(2n)=24=23m+1sm;马尾松为K(2n)=24-24m(4_(SAT))。相对长度和臂比方差分析表明,两亲本和杂种差异显著。杂种在相对长度、全组染色体总长、最长与最短染色体比、臂比平均值以及染色体类型上均处于双亲之间。这些研究结果为进一步研究该天然杂种提供必要的细胞学资料。 相似文献
102.
高效价甘薯羽状斑驳病毒抗血清的制备 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
用嫁接方法将甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(SPFMV)接种到I.setosa上扩繁,以0.2mol/LpH7.2PBK缓冲液、垫层差速离心、蔗糖密度梯度离心提取纯化SPFMV。纯化的SPFMVOD260/280的比值为1.25。将纯化的SPFMV免疫家兔制备抗血清,在环状沉淀和微量沉淀试验中,用提纯病毒测定抗血清的效价均为1:4096;以SPFMV-IgG为第一抗体,应用Dot-ELISA对甘薯和I.selosa叶片中的SPFMV分别作了测定。 相似文献
103.
通过超滤膜过滤法,在大连市黑石礁海域2500米以内,分离到白色与铁红圆酵母两类海洋酵母。铁红圆酵母分属于Torulopsispulcerrima类群和Torulopsiscandida类群。葡萄糖——蛋白胨——酵母膏液体培养基静止培养条件下,T.pulcerrima类群培养五天半,活酵母数量达到第一次高峰,为1.2×10 ̄8/ml,大约在八天半之后,达到最高数量,为2.0×108/ml。T.candida类群,培养大约二天半后,酵母数量达到第一次高峰,为1.8×10 ̄7/ml,培养大约十天半,活细胞数达到最高峰,为1.2×10 ̄(-8)/ml。由于铁红园酵母具有易培性,耐不良环境能力强的优点,作为未来水产养殖业幼体饵料微生物具有广泛地应用前景。 相似文献
104.
Addition of polyamines or their analogs to newly confluent LLC-PK1 cells resulted in down-regulation of Na+-glucose transport (symport) activity. Polyamines prevented the induction of this symporter by the differentiation inducer hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) but did not influence induction by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Partial depletion of endogenous polyamines after addition of α -difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) resulted in a 4 to 5-fold increase in symporter expression. Symporter induction by either HMBA or DFMO was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor H-7 but H-7 did not affect symporter induction by IBMX. Changes in symporter activity were accompanied by changes in levels of the 75 kD symporter subunit detected by Western blot. Cultures exposed to HMBA exhibited reduced levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Our results suggest that induction of symporter expression by HMBA may be mediated in part by its effects on polymine metabolism, and point to parallel roles of polyamines and cyclic AMP in regulating the expression of this physiologically important renal transport system. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
105.
设计合成了两个分别互补于乙肝病毒2.1kb mRNA起始区(片段A)和增强子区(片段B)的硫代磷酸的DNA片段,在经克隆HBV DNA转染HepG2细胞建立的HBV短暂表达系统及稳定产生HBV的2215细胞中研究二者对HBsAg及HBeAg表达的抑制作用。结果表明反义寡聚物能不同程序抑制乙肝抗原表达,并与剂量呈一定正相关。在HepG2细胞HBV短暂表达系统中,6μmol/L浓度时,片段A、B对HB 相似文献
106.
Joe F. Bozeman III Shauhrat S. Chopra Philip James Sajjad Muhammad Hua Cai Kangkang Tong Maya Carrasquillo Harold Rickenbacker Destenie Nock Weslynne Ashton Oliver Heidrich Sybil Derrible Melissa Bilec 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2023,27(2):382-394
Now is the time to refocus efforts in urban research and design. A changing climate and extreme weather events are presenting unique challenges to urban systems around the world. These challenges illuminate the social barriers that accompany disruptive events such as resource inequities and injustices. In this perspective, we provide three research priorities for just and sustainable urban systems that help to address these matters. The three research priorities are: (1) social equity and justice, (2) circularity, and (3) digital twins. Conceptual context and future research directions are provided for each. For social equity and justice, the future directions are mandatory equity analysis and inclusionary practices, understanding and reconciling historical injustices, and intentional integration with diverse community stakeholders. For circularity applications, they are better metrics for integration, more robust evaluation frameworks, and dynamic modeling at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Future directions for digital twins include developing principles to reduce complexity, integrating model and system components, and reducing barriers to data access. These research priorities are core to meeting several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., 1—No Poverty, 8—Decent Work and Economic Growth, 10—Reduced Inequalities, and 11—Sustainable Cities and Communities). Useful social and technical matters are discussed throughout, where we highlight the importance of prioritizing localized research efforts, provide guidance for community-engaged research and co-development practices, and explain how these priorities interact to align with the evolving field of industrial ecology. 相似文献
107.
Hua Zhang XiaoBing Xiang BenGen Zhou JianFa Chen YouQiang Sun ShuangXiao Zhang AiHua Li Jie Li 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2023,37(5):e23306
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common age-related joint disease characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive articular cartilage destruction, and subchondral sclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play key roles in OA, but the function of circSLTM in OA remains greatly unknown. Therefore, this study focused on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated primary human chondrocytes as well as a rat model to investigate the expression pattern and functional role of circSLTM in OA in vitro and in vivo. CircSLTM and high mobility group protein B2 (HMGB2) were upregulated in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes, whereas miR-421 was downregulated. Knockdown of circSLTM or overexpression of miR-421 ameliorated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation. The regulatory relationship between circSLTM and miR-421, as well as that between miR-421 and HMGB2, was predicted by bioinformatics and then verified by the RNA immunoprecipitation experiment and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Furthermore, silencing of circSLTM increased cartilage destruction and decreased cartilage tissue apoptosis rate and inflammation in a rat model of OA. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the fundamental role of circSLTM in OA progression and provide a potential molecular target for OA therapy. 相似文献
108.
Wei Dai Yong gang Dai Dong feng Ren Da wei Zhu 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2023,37(5):e23313
This study investigated that dieckol (DKL), a natural drug, inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in HCT-116 cells. The cells were treated with DKL in various concentrations (32 and 50 μM) for 24 h and then analyzed for various experiments. MTT (tetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet assay investigated DKL-mediated cytotoxicity. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining was used to assess the reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and apoptotic changes were studied by dual acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Protein expression of cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis protein was evaluated by western blot analysis. Results indicated that DKL produces significant cytotoxicity in HCT-116, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was found to be 32 μM for 24-h incubation. Moreover, effective production of ROS and enhanced apoptotic signs were observed upon DKL treatment in HCT-116. DKL induces the expression of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, and mToR-associated enhanced expression of cyclin-D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4, CDK-6, and Bcl-2 in HCT-116. In addition, proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly enhanced by DKL treatment in HCT-116. Hence, DKL has been considered a chemotherapeutic drug by impeding the expression of PI3K-, AKT-, and mTOR-mediated inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins. 相似文献
109.
【目的】解析土壤微生物在植物根际的组配机制对于认识和维护农田生态系统的稳定性至关重要。【方法】通过Illumina高通量测序和生物信息学分析方法明确了我国主要种植烟草生态区烤烟根际土壤细菌群落与土壤理化性质的互作关系。【结果】烤烟根际细菌类群主要为放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和嗜热油菌纲(Thermoleophilia)。细菌群落组成按生态区聚类,且样本空间距离和细菌群落相似度显著负相关。共现性网络分析表明,烤烟根际细菌群落间协同作用大于拮抗作用,武陵秦巴生态区、黄淮平原生态区、南岭丘陵生态区和沂蒙丘陵生态区细菌群落高度模块化,小单胞菌属(Micromonospora)为南岭丘陵生态区和黄淮生态区细菌共现性网络的网络中心,Bryobacter和气单胞菌属(Arenimonas)为南岭丘陵生态区细菌网络的模块核心,其菌群特性而非相对丰度决定了其在稳定细菌网络中的重要作用。冗余分析结果证实pH、有效铁、交换性镁和有效锰能显著影响烤烟根际细菌群落结构。【结论】烤烟根际细... 相似文献
110.