Active interfacial dynamic transport of fluid in a network of fibrous connective tissues throughout the whole body

Fluid in interstitial spaces accounts for ~20% of an adult body weight and flows diffusively for a short range. Does it circulate around the body like vascular circulations? This bold conjecture has been debated for decades. As a conventional physiological concept, interstitial space is a micron‐sized space between cells and vasculature. Fluid in interstitial spaces is thought to be entrapped within interstitial matrix. However, our serial data have further defined a second space in interstitium that is a nanosized interfacial transport zone on a solid surface. Within this fine space, fluid along a solid fibre can be transported under a driving power and identically, interstitial fluid transport can be visualized by tracking the oriented fibres. Since 2006, our data from volunteers and cadavers have revealed a long‐distance extravascular pathway for interstitial fluid flow, comprising at least four types of anatomic distributions. The framework of each extravascular pathway contains the longitudinally assembled and oriented fibres, working as a fibrorail for fluid flow. Interestingly, our data showed that the movement of fluid in a fibrous pathway is in response to a dynamic driving source and named as dynamotaxis. By analysis of previous studies and our experimental results, a hypothesis of interstitial fluid circulatory system is proposed.     

At3g53630 encodes a GUN1-interacting protein under norflurazon treatment

Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, with more than 95% of their proteins encoded by the nuclear genome. The chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals are critical for the nucleus to coordinate its gene expression for optimizing or repairing chloroplast functions in response to changing environments. In chloroplasts, the pentatricopeptide-repeat protein GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) is a master switch that senses aberrant physiological states, such as the photooxidative stress induced by norflurazon (NF) treatment, and represses the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). However, it is largely unknown how the retrograde signal is transmitted beyond GUN1. In this study, a protein GUN1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (GIP1), encoded by At3g53630, was identified to interact with GUN1 by different approaches. We demonstrated that GIP1 has both cytosol and chloroplast localizations, and its abundance in chloroplasts is enhanced by NF treatment with the presence of GUN1. Our results suggest that GIP1 and GUN1 may function antagonistically in the retrograde signaling pathway.

     

肺部微生物组通过炎症反应介导慢性阻塞性肺疾病转化为肺癌的研究进展

肺部微生物组存在于呼吸道和实质组织中,通过菌群紊乱、代谢产物、炎症反应、免疫反应、基因毒性等方面介导肺部损伤。随着肺部微生物组的深入研究,发现肺部微生物组的相关活动与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)和肺癌息息相关,能够促使COPD向肺癌的转变。本文主要介绍了肺部微生物组稳态及其通过炎症反应导致COPD和肺癌,重点探讨了肺部微生物组如何通过炎症反应介导COPD转化为肺癌,以期为COPD和肺癌的临床预防、优化治疗以及新型药物设计提供新的理论依据。     

Cell-type action specificity of auxin on Arabidopsis root growth

The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in root growth and development; however, the contributions or specific roles of cell-type auxin signals in root growth and development are not well understood. Here, we mapped tissue and cell types that are important for auxin-mediated root growth and development by manipulating the local response and synthesis of auxin. Repressing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele strongly inhibited root growth, with the largest effect observed in the endodermis. Enhancing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele also caused reduced root growth, albeit to a lesser extent. Moreover, we established that root growth was inhibited by enhancement of auxin synthesis in specific cell types of the epidermis, cortex and endodermis, whereas increased auxin synthesis in the pericycle and stele had only minor effects on root growth. Our study thus establishes an association between cellular identity and cell type-specific auxin signaling that guides root growth and development.     

不同微生物大鼠腹腔注射模型尿液蛋白组学的比较

不同的微生物都可以引起腹腔感染,文中尝试利用尿液来区分不同的微生物感染。通过在大鼠腹腔内分别注射大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念球菌建立3种模型,收集感染后0、12、36、72 h的尿液,并使用液相色谱串联质谱技术 (LC-MS/MS) 对尿蛋白进行分析。与感染前相比,在大肠杆菌腹腔注射模型中共鉴定到69个差异蛋白,在金黄色葡萄球菌腹腔注射模型中共鉴定到31个差异蛋白,在白色念球菌腹腔注射模型中共鉴定到38个差异蛋白。结果表明,腹腔注射不同的微生物时尿蛋白质组不同,提示尿液可能对不同的腹腔感染有鉴别诊断的潜能。     

耐高盐枯草芽孢杆菌XP合成球形纳米硒及其抑制草莓病原真菌生物活性

生物方法合成纳米材料具有低能耗、高安全性以及环境友好等优良特点,因而备受人们关注。利用细菌将硒酸盐或亚硒酸盐还原为单质硒,不仅可以降低硒毒性,而且还能获得价值更高的生物纳米材料。文中选用可耐受高盐环境胁迫的枯草芽孢杆菌亚种Bacillus subtilis subspecies stercoris strain XP构建生物模型,分别以LB液体培养基和亚硒酸钠为介质和底物 (电子受体),解析菌株XP合成纳米硒的基本规律。通过扫描电镜 (Scanning electron microscope,SEM) 观察、X射线能谱分析 (X-ray energy dispersive spectral analysis,EDAX)、X射线衍射 (X-ray diffraction,XRD) 分析、傅里叶红外变换光谱 (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR) 技术对合成的纳米硒进行物理化学表征分析,同时选用草莓枯萎、红叶、紫斑病病原真菌对其抗菌活性进行分析。结果表明,菌株XP介导合成的单质硒为球形纳米颗粒 (Selenium nanoparticles,SeNPs),其生成量与反应时间呈正相关 (0–48 h),且细胞形态未发生褶皱或破损等变化 (耐受力强);SeNPs为非晶态,粒径范围在135–165 nm,表面元素组成以Se为主,同时存在C、O、N、S等有机元素;颗粒表面包裹生物大分子物质,-OH、C=O、N-H、C-H等官能团与SeNPs稳定性和生物活性密切相关;高浓度纳米硒对枯萎、红叶、紫斑病病原真菌均有显著抑制活性 (P<0.05),其中对草莓红叶病与枯萎病病原真菌的抑制活性明显优于对紫斑病病原真菌的抑制活性。总而言之,菌株XP不仅耐受高盐胁迫能力强,同时还可介导合成生物SeNPs,其合成的纳米硒颗粒具有良好的稳定性和生物活性,在草莓病害防治以及绿色富硒草莓种植等领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂研究进展

Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂是一类普遍存在的蛋白酶抑制剂,在体内各项生命活动中扮演着重要角色。这类抑制剂结构稳定且富有特色,通常具有一个或几个串联存在的Kunitz结构域,能够以类似底物的方式与丝氨酸蛋白酶结合,从而抑制酶的活性。在功能方面,Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂参与凝血和纤维蛋白溶解、肿瘤免疫、炎症调节以及抵抗细菌、真菌感染等过程。文中就Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂研究进展作一综述,为新型Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的开发提供研究思路。