青藏高寒区退化草地生态恢复:退化现状、恢复措施、效应与展望

青藏高寒区属于独特而典型的高原生态系统,草地生态系统作为其重要组成部分,在对高寒区生态安全以及农牧民生计的维系中,占有举足轻重的地位。目前,青藏高寒区的草地生态系统退化严重,因此该区退化草地的生态恢复工作是国家生态工作的重中之重。近年来,已有大量研究提出了各种有效的恢复手段,但缺乏因地制宜的系统性总结和论述。基于此,在已有研究的基础上,阐述了青藏高寒区退化草地现状,总结了高寒区各生态类型分区的主要生态问题,明确了不同集成技术与模式的适用区域和范围,同时对这些技术、措施和模式的恢复效果和恢复机制进行分析和讨论。并对未来高寒草地生态系统的研究进行了展望,以期为青藏高寒区退化草地的恢复治理、高寒草地生态系统结构和功能稳定性维系提供系统的理论基础与技术支撑。     

Design, synthesis and antitumor activities of novel bis-aryl ureas derivatives as Raf kinase inhibitors

A series of novel bis-aryl ureas containing trifluoromethyl imidazolyl group targeting Raf kinase were designed and synthesized based on the lead compound of Sorafenib. All the prepared compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against three human cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231 (breast), BGC-823 (gastric), and SMMC-7721 (liver). Several compounds from the series exhibited excellent antitumor activities against all three tested cancer lines. Further their inhibitory activities against Raf kinase were investigated, and three compounds (11c, 11d, and 11p) demonstrated better activities than contrast drug Sorafenib. Especially compound 11c was found to be a potent and selective Raf kinase inhibitor and could be considered as a candidate compound for further development.     

黑龙江省大兴安岭林区火烧迹地森林更新及其影响因子

林火干扰是大兴安岭森林更新的影响因子之一,研究火烧迹地森林更新的影响因子(立地条件、火前植被、火干扰特征)对理解生态系统的结构、功能和火后演替轨迹具有重要意义。选取呼中及新林林业局55个代表性火烧样地,利用增强回归树分析法分析了火烧迹地森林更新的影响因素。结果表明:(1)立地条件是影响针、阔叶树更新苗密度的主要因素;海拔对针叶树更新苗密度的影响最大;坡度对阔叶树更新苗密度影响最大;(2)距上次火烧时间对针叶树更新苗比重影响最大,其次是林型;(3)中度林火干扰后森林更新状况好于轻度和重度火烧迹地。根据火烧迹地森林更新调查分析可知:林型影响火后演替模式,火前为针叶树或阔叶树纯林,火后易发生自我更新(火后树种更新组成与火前林型相同),而针阔混交林在火干扰影响下易于发生序列演替(火后初期以早期演替树种更新为主)。     

转基因741杨节肢动物群落主要害虫及天敌的动态变化

在时间序列过程中,转基因741杨对目标害虫鳞翅目食叶害虫表现出持续的抗性,其数量明显减少,高抗和中抗741杨之间差异不大.研究表明,转基因741杨对目标昆虫和非目的植食性害虫存在负效应,而对天敌和中性节肢动物组成和发生无明显负作用.因而在制定害虫综合治理策略和途径上宜采取与对照741杨不同的措施,抗性株系应以生态调控为主.     

Low titers of measles antibody in mothers whose infants suffered from measles before eligible age for measles vaccination

Background

Mink enteritis virus (MEV) causes a highly contagious viral disease of mink with a worldwide distribution. MEV has a linear, single-stranded, negative-sense DNA with a genome length of approximately 5,000 bp. The VP2 protein is the major structural protein of the parvovirus encoded by the vp2 gene. VP2 is highly antigenic and plays important roles in determining viral host ranges and tissue tropisms. This study describes the bionomics and vp2 gene analysis of a mutated strain, MEV-DL, which was isolated recently in China and outlines its homologous relationships with other selected strains registered in Genbank.

Results

The MEV-DL strain can infect F81 cells with cytopathic effects. Pig erythrocytes were agglutinated by the MEV-DL strain. The generation of MEV-DL in F81 cells could infect mink within three months and cause a disease that was similar to that caused by wild-type MEV. A comparative analysis of the vp2 gene nucleotide (nt) sequence of MEV-DL showed that this was more than 99% homologous with other mink enteritis parvoviruses in Genbank. However, the nucleotide residues at positions 1,065 and 1,238 in the MEV-DL strain of the vp2 gene differed from those of all the other MEV strains described previously. It is noteworthy that the mutation at the nucleotide residues position 1,238 led to Asp/Gly replacement. This may lead to structural changes. A phylogenetic tree and sequence distance table were obtained, which showed that the MEV-DL and ZYL-1 strains had the closest inheritance distance.

Conclusions

A new variation of the vp2 gene exists in the MEV-DL strain, which may lead to structural changes of the VP2 protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MEV-DL may originate from the ZYL-1 strain in DaLian.     

基于MSPA模型的新型城市热景观连通性分析

基于土地利用景观格局对城市热岛效应的影响研究较多,但准确识别对城市热岛效应具有重要影响的关键斑块和节点方面的研究亟待开展。以新型中小城市株洲云龙示范区为例,以城市热岛网络构建为切入点,应用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, MSPA)与景观连通性模型识别城市发展进程中核心热景观斑块和关键节点,并分析其时空演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)2007—2018年云龙示范区热岛斑块趋于集中,热岛面积较研究初期有明显增加,从地表温度空间分布上体现为城区与周边农村的温度对比更加鲜明,表明城市化进程中建设用地呈聚集扩散趋势。(2)研究期间热岛核心区占热景观面积比最大,且比例有明显上升趋势。而边缘、支线、孤岛、桥接、环线以及孔隙形态类型面积占比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,表明热岛斑块之间聚集程度不断提高。(3)识别出景观连通度重要性值较高的前20热景观斑块,其中前3斑块的重要性值和面积占比较大,属于极重要与重要两个热岛核心斑块重要性等级,值得重点关注与优化。(4)对重要性值高的热岛核心区域可优先采取降温措施,可以打断节点之间连接减缓整个区域...     

基于SWAT模型的图们江流域蓝绿水资源供需平衡分析

随着经济快速发展和工农业各类用水量大幅增加,对河流的开发程度随之加强,流域水资源可持续利用受到不利影响。从蓝绿水视角出发,基于SWAT模型量化了图们江流域2015—2020年不同时间尺度下的蓝绿水资源并探讨了研究区水资源供需平衡情况。结果表明：研究时段内流域蓝绿水资源均具有明显的季节特征,年均蓝绿水资源量为117.16亿m³,其中蓝水资源量30.14亿m³,绿水资源量87.02亿m³,绿水占水资源量的74.27%。以年为尺度,蓝水资源供需评估指数>1,可利用蓝水资源量基本不能满足其需求量,降水少的年份蓝水资源供需矛盾突出,而绿水资源可以达到供需平衡,其供需评估指数集中在0.1—0.2之间。在月尺度分析中研究区蓝水供需评估指数出现极端值的频率较高,表明该地区蓝水供需不平衡,尤其是可利用蓝水资源一般在每年的7—8月才较为丰富,而蓝水需求用水集中分布于作物生长期,导致蓝水供应与蓝水需求在时间分配上不均衡,且在实际水资源分配中忽略了生态用水;月尺度绿水供需评估指数集中在0.1—0.4之间,有明显的季节变化特征,整体上绿水资...     

间伐强度对人工杉木林地表径流的影响

在湖南会同生态站的人工杉木林集水区,对比研究了不同间伐强度对地表径流影响。结果表明:降雨量大小是形成地表径流的主要原因,即地表径流随降雨量上升而增大。在不出现大暴雨及特大暴雨的情形下,间伐样地产生的地表径流比对照样地小,其中,30%的间伐强度更利于减小地表径流。通过对不同月份的降雨量与地表径流的关系研究,证明了单次降雨量,而非降雨总量,才是导致地表径流形成的主要原因。通过地表径流与林下植被、土壤特性的多元相关分析可知,地表径流与枯落物量、灌木草本层盖度、土壤非毛管孔隙、水稳性土壤团聚体粒径呈显著负相关,与土壤容重呈显著正相关。间伐正是通过改变上述因子而增强了水土保持能力,减小了地表径流的形成。在人工杉木林条件下和间伐强度范围内,30%的间伐强度下的影响更显著,更有助于减小地表径流。     

湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段森林土壤活性有机碳库特征

为了解天然次生林保护对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间替代时间研究方法,对湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段4种林分类型（杉木人工林、马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林）土壤活性有机碳及其与土壤养分相关性进行研究。结果表明：1）各土层总有机碳（TOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量均表现为：青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林 > 南酸枣落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松+石栎针阔混交林 > 杉木人工林,在0-30cm土层,马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林TOC含量比杉木人工林分别高出13.40%、19.40%和29.91%,MBC含量分别高出15.62%、32.89%和53.33%,DOC含量分别高出8.52%、8.75%和13.76%,EOC含量分别高出32.79%、38.48%和78.30%;2）天然次生林各土层MBC占TOC的比率以南酸枣落叶阔叶林最高,青冈+石栎常绿阔叶林为其次,马尾松+石栎混交林最低,均高于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林15-30cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层DOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而下降,均低于同一土层杉木人工林（除马尾松+石栎混交林0-15cm土层外）,天然次生林各土层EOC占TOC的比率随着演替进展而增加,且均高于同一土层杉木人工林;3）土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,且天然次生林土壤MBC、DOC、EOC含量与TOC含量的相关系数随着演替进展而增高,均高于杉木人工林;4）4种林分土壤TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC含量与土壤全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K、速效K含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。