Contrasting levels of genetic diversity between the historically rare orchid Cypripedium japonicum and the historically common orchid Cypripedium macranthos in South Korea

Many terrestrial orchids are historically rare and occur in small, spatially isolated populations. Theory predicts that such species will harbour low levels of genetic variation within populations and will exhibit a high degree of population genetic divergence, primarily as a result of genetic drift. If the origin of the present‐day populations is relatively recent from the same genetically depauperate source population, a complete lack of genetic differentiation between conspecific populations is expected. If a terrestrial orchid was historically common with moderate or high levels of genetic diversity, but has experienced more recent anthropogenic disturbance as a result of over‐collection, it would still exhibit initial levels of genetic variation within populations and a low degree of genetic divergence between populations. To test these predictions, we examined the genetic diversity in six populations (N = 131) of the historically and currently rare Cypripedium japonicum and in four populations (N = 94) of the historically common but now rare C. macranthos from South Korea. Fourteen putative allozyme loci resolved from eight enzyme systems revealed no variation either within or among populations of C. japonicum, which supports the first prediction. In contrast, populations of C. macranthos harboured high levels of genetic variation (mean percentage of polymorphic loci %P = 46.7; mean expected heterozygosity H_e = 0.185) and exhibited a low degree of population genetic divergence (G_ST = 0.059), supporting the second prediction. The lack of genetic variation both within and among conspecific populations of C. japonicum may suggest that populations originated from the same genetically depauperate ancestral population. The high levels of genetic diversity maintained in populations of C. macranthos suggest that the collection‐mediated decrease in the number of individuals is still too recent for long‐term effects on genetic variation. Based on current demographic and genetic data, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies should be provided to preserve genetic variation and to ensure the long‐term survival of the two species in the Korean Peninsula. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160 , 119–129.     

尼罗尖吻鲈和鳜鱼染色体组型分析及比较

采用PHA、秋水仙碱腹腔或背部肌肉注射,活体培养法,以前肾为材料,低渗-空气干燥法制片,进行染色体观察,运用Micromeasure version 3.3染色体分析软件和Photoshop 7.0软件首次分析了尼罗尖吻鲈的染色体数目和核型,并同鳜鱼染色体数目和核型进行了分析比较,对今后拟采取的杂交尝试提供理论基础。结果显示：尼罗尖吻鲈染色体众数为2n=48,核型公式为2m+4sm+12st+30t,染色体臂数（NF）为54;鳜鱼染色体众数为2n=48,核型公式为6sm+12st+30t,染色体臂数（NF）亦为54;两种鱼染色体短臂上均无随体,单臂染色体较多。分析表明尼罗尖吻鲈与鳜鱼杂交成功的可能性较大。     

A cytosolic class I small heat shock protein, RcHSP17.8, of Rosa chinensis confers resistance to a variety of stresses to Escherichia coli, yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana

Among the heat shock proteins (HSPs) of higher plants, those belonging to the small HSP (sHSP) family remain the least characterized in functional terms. To improve our understanding of sHSPs, we have characterized RcHSP17.8 from Rosa chinensis . Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis reveal this to be a cytosolic class I sHSP. RcHSP17.8 expression in R. chinensis was induced by heat, cold, salt, drought, osmotic and oxidative stresses. Recombinant RcHSP17.8 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and yeast to study its possible function under stress conditions. The recombinant E. coli and yeast cells that accumulated RcHSP17.8 showed improved viability under thermal, salt and oxidative stress conditions compared with control cultures. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed RcHSP17.8. These plants exhibited increased tolerance to heat, salt, osmotic and drought stresses. These results suggest that R. chinensis cytosolic class I sHSP (RcHSP17.8) has the ability to confer stress resistance not only to E. coli and yeast but also to plants grown under a wide variety of unfavorable environmental conditions.     

大戟科Casbane烷型二萜化合物的研究进展

本文综述了目前在自然界发现的Casbane烷型二萜化合物的结构特点、生物活性、分布状况和合成研究,同时针对文献中该类成分的骨架编号顺序混乱并造成化合物命名错误问题,我们采用J Buckingham的编号方法,对所有casbane烷型二萜化合物结构进行重新编号,对部分化合物命名进行修改.     

封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量与体重的相关性分析

目的测定封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量和脏器系数,对脏器重量与体重的相关性进行分析,并计算出相应的直线回归方程和多元回归方程。方法实验选用6-10月龄普通级封闭群五指山小型猪30头（其中♂16头、♀14头）,分别测定体重和7个主要脏器重量,计算脏器系数,通过SAS软件进行脏器系数的性别间比较和各脏器重与体重间的相关与回归分析。结果性别间比较,小型猪仅有心脏的脏器系数差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。除公猪的胃脏和母猪的肺脏外,所测脏器重量与体重间均有明显的正相关线性关系;多因素分析显示公猪的肝脏和肾脏,母猪的心脏、肝脏和肾脏对各自体重有影响。结论封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器系数性别间差异较小,其体重与某些脏器重量存在一定的线性关系。     

火柴头的繁殖对策和繁殖代价

火柴头具有地上茎和地下生殖枝同时开花结实的特性,产生地上大、小种子和地下大、小种子4种不同类型的种子。对4种类型种子的研究表明,地下大种子、小种子,地上大种子、小种子的平均百粒重有极显著差异,分别是1．0547g、0．4400g、0．5980g和0．3145g。火柴头种子的萌发很不整齐,特别是小种子。萌发持续时间很长。地上大种子和地下大种子的最终萌发率没有显著差异,均在97％左右,但地下大种子的种子活力要明显高于地上大种子。地下小种子的萌发率要高于地上小种子,达80％左右,而且其种子活力也明显高于地上小种子。4种种子形成的幼苗第1片真叶的生物量有极显著差异,其大小顺序依次是地下大种〉地上大种〉地下小种〉地上小种。在正常情况下,火柴头的繁殖投资以地上种子特别是地上小种子为主,在面临损伤逆境条件时,依靠高繁殖代价的地下种子特别是地下大种子。来降低其物种生存的风险,保持其种群的繁衍。     

H2AX活化与DNA双链断裂及辐射剂量的关系

H2AX是组蛋白H2A的一种亚型。过去对组蛋白的关注仅局限在维持染色质结构的认识方面,近来发现构成染色质核小体的组蛋白同时具有许多其他重要生物学功能,在DNA双链断裂修复中的作用就是最重要的发现之一。H2AX蛋白发挥其功能需要活化,活化后的H2AX称为γH2AX。检测γH2AX可以确定DNA双链断裂的存在,γH2AX的检测量与辐射剂量也存在良好的量效关系。     

Polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri

The colony hybridization method was presented for isolating microsatellite markers in Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri. We designed primers to amplify 26 unique microsatellites. Fourteen primer pairs amplified clearly and were polymorphic. Based on characterization with 60 unrelated individuals, the number of alleles ranges from two to 13, and the expected heterozygosity ranges from 0.22 to 0.91. These markers have the potential for genetic studies in population structure and intraspecific variation.     

降钙素基因相关肽基因直接注射大鼠

所设计的基因表达一个含降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP,37个氨基酸)、及其N端信号肽和C端酰胺化位点的多肽.该基因克隆到哺乳动物表达载体pBPV上并构成pBPV-CGRP.将此质粒DNA直接注射自发高血压大鼠并导致其血压在注射样品后3～22 d内明显下降,下降幅度超过了12％,在第16天甚至达到了24.42％.基因直接注射比CGRP本身的降压作用维持时间更久.