森林草莓SUN基因家族的鉴定及其对逆境的响应

SUN基因是调控植物生长发育的关键基因。本研究鉴定了二倍体森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)的SUN基因家族,并对各成员的理化性质、基因结构、系统进化以及基因表达进行了分析。结果表明,森林草莓有31个FvSUN基因,其编码蛋白可聚类为7个组,同一组内成员具有高度相似的基因结构与编码蛋白保守域;FvSUNs蛋白的亚细胞定位主要在细胞核中。共线性分析表明森林草莓FvSUNs基因家族主要通过染色体片段复制产生,拟南芥与森林草莓存在23对直系同源基因。利用森林草莓的转录组数据,对FvSUNs基因的组织表达特征进行分析,发现主要可归为3类：各组织均表达、组织中几乎不表达、组织特异性表达,并通过实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)进一步验证结果。此外,还对森林草莓进行不同的逆境胁迫处理,qRT-PCR分析了31个FvSUNs基因的表达情况,发现大部分基因均在不同程度上受低温、高盐或干旱胁迫的诱导表达。这些研究结果为深入揭示草莓SUN基因的生物学功能及其分子机制奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of housekeeping genes as references for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of European eel,Anguilla anguilla

Eels are important aquaculture species for which an increasing number of reference genes are being identified and applied. In this study, five housekeeping genes [RPL7 (ribosomal protein L7), 18 S (18 S ribosomal RNA), EF1A (elongation factor 1α), ACTB (β-actin) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)] were chosen to evaluate their reliability as reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the study of Anguilla anguilla. The expression of the selected genes in different eel tissues was determined using qPCR at different growth stages or upon challenge by Anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV), and the expression levels of these genes were then compared and evaluated using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Then, RefFinder was used to comprehensively rank the examined housekeeping genes. Interestingly, the expression of the evaluated housekeeping genes exhibited tissue-dependent and treatment-dependent variations. In different growth periods A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: ACTB in mucus; 18 S in skin and kidney; RPL7 in muscle, gill, intestine and brain; EF1A in heart and liver; and GAPDH in spleen. In contrast, in AngHV-challenged A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: 18 S in mucus; RPL7 in skin, gill, heart, spleen, kidney and intestine; EF1A in muscle and liver; and ACTB in brain. Further comparison analysis indicated that the expression of RPL7 and EF1A was stable in multiple A. anguilla tissues in different growth periods and in eels challenged by AngHV. Nonetheless, the expression level of GAPDH in eel tissues was lower, and it was unstable in several tissues. These results indicated that the selection of reference genes for qPCR analysis in A. anguilla should be made in accordance with experimental parameters, and both RPL7 and EF1A could be used as reference genes for qPCR study of A. anguilla at different growth stages or upon challenge by AngHV. The reference genes identified in this study could improve the accuracy of qPCR data and facilitate further studies aimed at understanding the biology of eels.     

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> Georgi and <i>Magnolia officinalis</i> against <i>Phytophthora nicotianae</i>

Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced. At present, the control of P. nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods, with considerable environmental and health issues. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) and Magnolia officinalis (MO). On mycelial growth, sporangium formation, and zoospore release of P. nicotianae. Both extracts inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae, with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92% and 93.92%, respectively, at 40 mg/mL, and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL, respectively. The underlying mechanisms were the inhibition of sporangium formation, the reduction of zoospore number, and the destruction of the mycelium structure. At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL, the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were 98.66% and 99.39%, respectively. At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL, the production of sporangia and zoospores was completely inhibited. The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degrees of deformation and damage. Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling, whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae. Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.     

Thecate stem medusozoans (Cnidaria) from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

Cnidarians are phylogenetically located near the base of the ‘tree of animals’, and their early evolution had a profound impact on the rise of bilaterians. However, the early diversity and phylogeny of this ‘lowly’ metazoan clade has hitherto been enigmatic. Fortunately, cnidarian fossils from the early Cambrian could provide key insights into their evolutionary history. Here, based on a scrutiny of the purported hyolith Burithes yunnanensis Hou et al. from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota in South China, we reveal that this species shows characters distinct from those typical of hyoliths, not least a funnel-shaped gastrovascular system with a single opening, a whorl of tentacles surrounding the mouth, and the lack of an operculum. These characters suggest a great deviation from the original definition of the genus Burithes, and a closer affinity with cnidarians. We therefore reassign the material to a new genus: Palaeoconotuba. Bayesian inference of phylogeny based on new anatomical traits identifies a new clade, including Palaeoconotuba and Cambrorhytium, as a stem group of sessile medusozoan cnidarians that are united by the synapomorphies of developing an organic conical theca and a funnel-like gastrovascular system. This study unveils a stem lineage of medusozoans that evolved a lifelong conical theca in the early Cambrian.     

湖南省发现云开脊蛇兼记棕脊蛇新地模标本

云开脊蛇(Achalinus yunkaiensis)之前仅在广东和广西有分布报道。本文基于形态比较及线粒体COI基因序列分子系统关系分析结果,确定采集于湖南省新宁县的1号雌性脊蛇标本(CIB 119041)为云开脊蛇,为湖南省新记录种。该标本鼻间鳞沟约等于前额鳞沟,上颔齿24枚;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞150枚,尾下鳞55枚;尾长与体长之比为0.203。至此共有4种脊蛇分布于湖南省。此外,本文还报道了棕脊蛇(A. rufescens)1号雄性地模标本(CIB 119042),该标本鼻间鳞沟长于前额鳞沟;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞153枚,尾下鳞62枚;尾长与体长之比0.201。分子系统发育结果显示,棕脊蛇种组各支系的系统地位还需进一步研究厘定。     

攀西高原不同轮作制度下土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性与群落结构特征

[背景]关于高原生境轮作制度对土壤固氮微生物群落组成及多样性的影响研究尚少。[目的]深入认识攀西高原不同轮作制度对农田土壤肥力及土壤固氮微生物nifH基因群落结构与多样性的影响,以期建立合理的轮作制度。[方法]以凉山州冕宁县不同作物轮作制度[包括光叶紫花苕-烤烟(分轮作15年和20年两种,分别为G1和G2)、苦荞-烤烟(KQ)、大麦-烤烟(DM)和撂荒(CK)]的土壤为研究对象,通过化学分析和Illumina MiSeq技术,对土壤理化性质、土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性及群落组成进行分析。[结果]撂荒土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳和含水量最显著(P<0.05)。KQ轮作下土壤有效磷和速效钾分别提高了43.0%和2.60%,而DM轮作下的土壤理化性质均下降。土壤固氮酶活以撂荒土壤最高,G2轮作最低。土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性以G1轮作最高、G2轮作最低,门水平上以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是优势共有nifH基因类群,相对丰度占群落的63.0%-92.4%;属水平上,偶氮氢单胞菌属(Azohydromonas)是不同轮作制度下的优势物种,慢生根瘤属(Brad...     

分离自母婴肠道的假小链双歧杆菌的耐药性分析

【背景】由于滥用抗生素导致细菌耐药性日益严重。对于双歧杆菌,人们往往注重其益生功能的挖掘而忽视了对其耐药性的研究,存在一定的安全隐患。【目的】检测母婴肠道中假小链双歧杆菌的耐药性,探究婴儿肠道中假小链双歧杆菌耐药性的来源。【方法】利用微量肉汤稀释法测定48株分离自母婴肠道的假小链双歧杆菌对14种抗生素的耐药性,比较分离自不同家庭母婴肠道中假小链双歧杆菌的耐药性。【结果】48株母婴肠道分离株对四环素、氯霉素、新霉素、环丙沙星100%耐药,对其余10种抗生素耐药率依次为：卡那霉素98%、利福平80%、克林霉素78%、甲氧苄啶63%、红霉素59%、庆大霉素43%、链霉素16%、万古霉素14%、氨苄西林6%、利奈唑胺2%。母婴肠道分离株的耐药性无显著差异,分离自同一家庭母婴肠道的菌株具有相似的耐药表型。【结论】分离自母婴肠道的假小链双歧杆菌对多种抗生素具有耐药性,婴儿肠道中假小链双歧杆菌的耐药性可能是由母亲肠道垂直传递而来。     

分子对接技术在研究群体感应抑制剂中的进展

在大多数致病菌中都存在群体感应系统,而群体感应抑制剂就是以此系统作为靶点,在不影响细菌生长的情况下阻断细菌生物被膜形成或抑制毒力基因表达,不易导致耐药性的产生,是一种理想的抗菌增效剂。分子对接作为虚拟筛选技术之一,其目标具体、效率高、成本低,是药物研发的重要手段。本文重点介绍了分子对接的主要模块及其在研究群体感应抑制剂中的进展。     

亮斑扁角水虻幼虫酶解制备蛋白胨工艺优化及蛋白胨性质

【背景】用于餐厨垃圾等有机废弃物处理的亮斑扁角水虻(Hermetia illucens, HI)含有丰富的氨基酸和营养物质,是一种优质、经济的蛋白来源。【目的】利用亮斑扁角水虻幼虫(Hermetia illucens larvae, HIL)制备蛋白胨用于细菌培养,为亮斑扁角水虻的应用方式提供新的思路。【方法】以亮斑扁角水虻幼虫为原料,利用单因素试验确定最佳酶解条件,对比分析HIL蛋白胨和市售胰蛋白胨的基本性质和功能性状,并进行细菌培养、生物化学试验,利用两种蛋白胨分别培养大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) ATCC 25922模式细菌并通过生长动力学分析评价应用效果。【结果】制备HIL蛋白胨的最佳酶解工艺为按1.3%(质量分数)添加复合酶(胰酶:碱性蛋白酶质量比为1:1),在pH 7.0、54℃条件下反应4 h,此时HIL的水解度为(19.34±0.15)%。HIL蛋白胨和市售胰蛋白胨的功能性状和生物化学试验差异不显著(P>0.05)。大肠杆菌ATCC25922在HIL蛋白胨培养基中生长的X_max和λ分别为6.44和2.45,在市售胰蛋白胨生长的...     

多方法组合调查新疆阿勒泰地区6种常见鼠传致病菌流行状况

【背景】鼠传疾病是对人类危害较大的一种人兽共患病,全球化使得鼠传疾病流行区域不断扩大,出现了多种新发鼠传疾病的发生及旧传染病的复燃。【目的】调查新疆阿勒泰地区常见的鼠传致病菌在啮齿动物中的流行状况,为当地自然疫源性疾病防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用夹夜法捕获啮齿动物,无菌收集其脾脏和肾脏组织,提取基因组DNA。应用TaqMan探针法的荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)检测巴尔通体(Bartonella spp.)、问号钩端螺旋体(Leptospirainterrogans)、恙虫病东方体(Orientiatsutsugamushi)、莫氏立克次体(Rickettsia mooseri)、嗜吞噬细胞无形体(Anaplasma phagocytophilum)和土拉弗朗西斯菌(Francisella tularensis)6种常见的鼠传致病菌。采用16SrRNA基因的通用引物进行常规PCR扩增后,应用Illumina测序和Nanopore测序进一步检测致病菌,同时对脾脏组织进行巴尔通体体外分离培养。比较qPCR...