武夷山常绿阔叶林乔木与灌木小枝树皮主要功能性状的趋同

树皮是维管形成层以外的所有组织,其功能性状是反映植物生态适应策略的重要研究对象。为了揭示亚热带山地乔、灌木小枝树皮功能性状特征及其关联性,采用独立样本T检验和标准主轴回归方法对武夷山19种常见木本植物小枝树皮的主要功能性状的基本特征及其相关性进行了分析。结果发现：(1)树皮厚度、树皮密度与树皮含水量在乔、灌木之间无显著差异,其均值分别为(0.78±0.06)mm、(0.58±0.03)mg/cm³和(155.07±14.16)%。树皮碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征在乔、灌木之间差异也不显著,C、N、P平均值分别为(492.43±4.25)mg/g、(8.90±0.74)mg/g和(0.61±0.06)mg/g,树皮C∶N、C∶P与N∶P平均值分别为60.76±4.17、905.53±67.36与15.19±0.84。(2)树皮性状之间存在关联,其中树皮厚度与密度、密度与含水量均呈异速生长关系,而树皮厚度与含水量、氮含量与磷含量均呈等速生长关系。乔木树皮碳含量和磷含量间、灌木树皮密度和氮含量间均呈异速生长关系,乔木与灌木各性状间关系差异不显著。结果表明...     

基于水足迹的山东省农业水土资源匹配特征及短缺压力分析

高强度农业开发引起的农业水土资源生态问题日益增多,探究粮食及蔬菜（粮蔬）生产中水土资源空间配置及短缺压力对农业资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。从水足迹视角出发,分析了山东省3种主要粮食作物（冬小麦、玉米及大豆）和两种不同种植模式蔬菜（设施蔬菜和露地蔬菜）的生产水足迹空间特征;同时将资源数量及资源质量的概念纳入研究框架,分析了农业水土资源数量及质量匹配格局差异,并进一步探究了农业水土资源短缺压力及其影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）2019年,山东省粮食和蔬菜的生产总水足迹为811亿m³,其中粮食生产总水足迹占比78.50%,蔬菜生产总水足迹占比21.50%;粮蔬生产水足迹受地势影响明显,鲁西北及鲁西南平原地区的粮蔬生产水足迹占比较大。（2）考虑资源数量的水土资源匹配系数均值为0.622×10⁴ m³/hm²,考虑资源质量的匹配系数均值为0.416×10⁴ m³/hm²;水土资源数量及质量匹配系数在空间上呈现出一致性,表明山东省农业生产水土资源空间配置水平高的地区同时面临着较大的农业面源污染压力。（3）整体上,土地资源短缺压力略高于水资源短缺压力;基于生产视角的水土资源短缺压力受生产环境因素制约显著,受经济发展因素的影响具有差异性,社会因素对水土资源短缺压力无显著影响。研究可为农业资源可持续管理提供数据基础,为全面理解粮蔬生产所产生的水土资源短缺提供案例参考。     

1985—2015年中国不同生态系统NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

植被是陆地生态系统不可或缺的部分,气候是影响其动态变化的重要驱动因素。因此,探究植被的时空变化及其与气候因子的响应关系,有助于理解陆地生态系统的内在演化机制。目前,不同生态系统尺度下的植被动态变化与气候因子的时间响应关系仍未被完整剖析。因此,为了厘清过去30年不同生态系统植被生长对气候因子的响应关系,利用GIMMS NDVI3g数据和气候资料数据,通过Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验分析了1985—2015年中国陆地NDVI的时空变化特征,结合时间序列相关分析探究了NDVI变化与降水、温度和饱和水汽压差的内部关联,探讨了中国不同生态系统植被与气候因子间的时间响应机制。结果表明：(1) 1985—2015年中国陆地植被呈现改善趋势,年均NDVI先减小后增加,拐点时间在1995年左右,整体变化率为0.5×10^-3/a。农田、森林和草地生态系统的植被显著改善的程度最高,湿地生态系统的植被退化趋势最显著。(2)中国陆地植被NDVI与气候因子的相关性存在明显的空间异质性,且受不同生态系统分区影响。内蒙古高原中部草地生态系统NDVI与降水...     

高寒草甸植物群落功能多样性对不同生长期干旱的响应机制

植物对干旱胁迫的响应表现为各功能性状的差异化表达。全球气候变化下,青藏高原地区降水格局发生改变,高寒草甸群落功能性状及功能多样性在不同生长期干旱事件下的响应机制对加深高寒草甸适应气候变化认知具有重要意义。以藏北高寒草甸为研究对象,设置截雨棚模拟生长季前期（ED）、中期（MD）和非生长季时期（ND）干旱事件,通过观测群落物种功能性状,分析高寒草甸群落功能多样性对不同生长期干旱的响应机制。结果表明：（1）叶片功能性状对干旱存在差异响应,表现为叶片小而厚且寿命长,同化速率降低,并受氮元素限制加剧;（2）生长季前期干旱对高寒草甸群落功能性状的影响最强,生长季中期干旱次之,非生长季干旱的影响最弱;（3）生长季干旱处理显著改变了群落的功能多样性,ED处理下功能分散度指数（FDiv）和功能分异度指数（FDis）显著降低（P<0.05）,而Rao二次熵指数（RaoQ）显著升高（P<0.05）,MD处理下功能均匀度指数（FEve）显著降低（P<0.05）;（4）相关性分析得出,群落功能性状与功能多样性对干旱的响应之间存在着联系。本研究发现高寒草甸植物功能性状与群落功能多样性对生长季前期和中期干旱存在差异化响应,指示着高寒草甸植物群落在响应不同时期干旱时可能采取不同的生存策略,即对生长季前期干旱采用耐旱策略、对生长季中期干旱采用避旱策略。探讨了高寒草甸植物群落功能多样性对不同生长时期干旱胁迫的响应机制,为预测未来季节性干旱事件对青藏高原高寒草甸植物功能性状、群落特征和功能多样性的影响提供科学依据。     

微生物发酵法生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-l-methionine, SAM)广泛存在于生物体内,主要参与生物体内的转甲基过程、转硫过程及转氨丙基过程,具有重要的生理功能,其生产备受重视。目前SAM生产的研究主要集中于微生物发酵法,该方法与化学合成法和酶催化法相比,成本较低且更容易实现工业化生产。随着需求量的迅速增加,通过菌种改良提高SAM产量备受关注。当前SAM生产菌种改良的主要策略包括常规育种和代谢工程。本文综述了提高微生物生产SAM能力的近期研究进展并探讨了SAM生产中的瓶颈问题及解决方法,以期为进一步提高SAM产量提供思路。     

大白菜NHX基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白(Na+/H+antiporter,NHX)基因家族在植物响应盐胁迫中发挥重要作用。本研究鉴定了大白菜NHX基因家族成员,并分析了大白菜NHX基因(Brassica rapa ssp.Pekinensis NHX,BrNHXs)响应高温、低温、干旱和盐胁迫等非生物逆境的表达模式。结果表明,在大白菜中共鉴定到9个NHX基因家族成员,分布在大白菜的6条染色体上,其氨基酸数目在513–1154 aa之间,相对分子量集中在56804.22–127856.66 kDa,等电点位于5.35–7.68之间。该基因家族成员主要存在于液泡中,基因结构完整,外显子的数目介于11–22之间。大白菜NHX基因家族编码的蛋白质二级结构都具有α-螺旋、β-转角和不规则卷曲结构,其中α-螺旋发生频率较高。实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)分析显示,该基因家族成员在高温、低温、干旱和盐胁迫下均有不同程度地响应,且在不同时间表达差异显著。以BrNHX02和BrNHX09对这4种胁迫的响应最为显著,表达量在处理72 h时均显著上调,可作为候选基因进一步验证其功能。     

A Rapid Determination of 30 Prohibited Pesticide Residues in Lycii Fructus by UPLC-MS/MS

Prohibited pesticide residues have become one of the main factors affecting the quality and safety of Lycii Fructus, However, rarely studies focus on the rapid determination of these residues. Here, a total of 30 kinds of prohibited pesticide residues were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in five different process ways. Pretreatment methods, chromatographic separation and detection conditions in mass spectrometry were all optimized accordingly. Among the five different pretreatment methods, the first and third solid phase extraction failed to provide high recoveries of sulfosulfuron compounds (both lower than 60%). Recovery of chlorphenamidine by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method (QuEChERS) was lower than 60%, which did not meet the requirements of trace determination. The concentrations of 30 prohibited pesticides residues treated by straightforward and solid phase extraction showed good linearity in their corresponding ranges, with correlation coefficients over 0.99. The average recoveries of straightforward ranged from 78.13% to 110.9%, while RSD ranged from 1.3% to 16.9%, albeit poor purification was observed. The recovery yield from solid phase extraction was between 67.75% and 103.08% with RSD value from 0.8% to 14.0%, which met the requirements of trace determination, this method has good precision and stability. These results could be employed to other Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) in detecting prohibited pesticide residues.     

<i>VvAGAMOUS</i> Affect Development of Four Different Grape Species Ovary

Grape pistil has an important influence on fruit size and quality. However, there were few studies on grape ovary, and the development process of the ovary is still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, four different grape varieties with different lengths of small inflorescences, namely ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape (Vitis vinifera), ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca), ‘ShanPuTao’ grape (Vitis amurensis) and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape (Vitis amurensis × Vitis vinifera) were used as test materials. Four varieties ovary were significant differences by means of stereomicroscope, paraffin section. The expression of ovary determining gene VvAGAMOUS (VvAG) and its development related genes VvCRABS CLAW (VvCRC) andVvAGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (VvAGL11) with similar functions during the development of different grape varieties were preliminarily explored using fluorescence quantitative test. The relationship between VvAG and VvCRC, VvAG and VvAGL11 were analyzed using Y1H assay. Our results showed that there were obvious abdominal sutures on the surface of expect for ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape, and existing poly carpels. The ovary development of ‘ShanPuTao’ and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape was completed when the inflorescence length was less than 1 cm, while the ‘Concord’ and ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape were fully developed when the length of inflorescence was 3–4 and 4–5 cm, respectively. VvAG and VvCRC began to express in large quantities after the formation of stamen primordia, while VvAGL11 during the forming of ovule primordia. Therefore, VvAG and VvCRC mainly regulated the development of stamens and carpels and also promote the development of ovules, while VvAGL11 major regulated the development of ovules. The promoters of VvCRC and VvAGL11 were bound by VvAG. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of grape ovary development.