New data on small mammals in the Kazakh Uplands

Small mammals were studied in the Kazakh Uplands in the spring and fall of 2008. The trapping studies revealed 10 species. Abundances of the animals were low in the four main distinct characteristic biotopes of Bayanaul National Park, but those of biotope dominants were high. In the Kazakh Uplands, rodents and insectivores are clearly restricted to certain biotopes. Biodiversity indices for small mammal communities are low, indicating that the community structure is disturbed.     

Biorefining of wood: combined production of ethanol and xylanase from waste fiber sludge

The possibility to utilize fiber sludge, waste fibers from pulp mills and lignocellulose-based biorefineries, for combined production of liquid biofuel and biocatalysts was investigated. Without pretreatment, fiber sludge was hydrolyzed enzymatically to monosaccharides, mainly glucose and xylose. In the first of two sequential fermentation steps, the fiber sludge hydrolysate was fermented to cellulosic ethanol with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the final ethanol yields were similar, the ethanol productivity after 9.5?h was 3.3?g/l/h for the fiber sludge hydrolysate compared with only 2.2?g/l/h for a reference fermentation with similar sugar content. In the second fermentation step, the spent fiber sludge hydrolysate (the stillage obtained after distillation) was used as growth medium for recombinant Aspergillus niger expressing the xylanase-encoding Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) xyn2 gene. The xylanase activity obtained with the spent fiber sludge hydrolysate (8,500?nkat/ml) was higher than that obtained in a standard medium with similar monosaccharide content (1,400?nkat/ml). Analyses based on deglycosylation with N-glycosidase?F suggest that the main part of the recombinant xylanase was unglycosylated and had molecular mass of 20.7?kDa, while a minor part had N-linked glycosylation and molecular mass of 23.6?kDa. Chemical analyses of the growth medium showed that important carbon sources in the spent fiber sludge hydrolysate included xylose, small aliphatic acids, and oligosaccharides. The results show the potential of converting waste fiber sludge to liquid biofuel and enzymes as coproducts in lignocellulose-based biorefineries.     

Influence of development rate on pharyngeal teeth formula in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abramis brama</Emphasis> (L.) bream: Experimental cata

An experiment on acceleration and retardation of ontogeny with thyroid manipulation has revealed direct changes in definitive dentition of pharyngeal bones in Abramis brama bream. As development rate accelerates, the number of teeth reduces to the formula 5-4. When development rate is retarded, this number increases to the formula 6-5. Moreover, an additional minor row of teeth (1.6–5.1, 2.6–5.2) is formed. The observed changes in tooth numbers exceed the known variability in natural populations of bream. It is assumed that heterochronies lead to the changes in the number of teeth.     

CGS8216 noncompetitively antagonizes the discriminative effects of diazepam in rats

The benzodiazepine antagonist properties of CGS8216 were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate between saline and 1.0 mg/kg of diazepam in a two-choice, stimulus-shock termination procedure. CGS8216 (0.3 to 100 mg/kg) administered alone, either s.c., p.o. or i.p., occasioned only saline-appropriate responding. When administered concomitantly with a constant 1.0 mg/kg dose of diazepam, CGS8216 produced dose-related decreases in drug-appropriate responding. CGS8216 was most potent by the i.p. route, and approximately tenfold less potent by the oral route. CGS8216 was dermatotoxic after s.c. administration. CGS8216 i.p. had a long duration of action. A dose of 30 mg/kg completely antagonized the discriminative effects of the 1.0 mg/kg training dose of diazepam when the antagonist was administered 8 hr before the start of the test session. In order to determine the type of antagonism by CGS8216, the dose-effect curve for diazepam was redetermined in the presence of varying doses of CGS8216 (0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). CGS8216 produced a dose-related rightward shift in the diazepam dose-effect curve, but also decreased the slope and appeared to decrease the maximal effect. These results are consistent with the interpretation that CGS8216 antagonizes diazepam in a noncompetitive manner. It may do so because either it interacts with a subpopulation of benzodiazepine receptors, it functions as a pseudo-irreversible antagonist due to its high affinity, or because it is an antagonist with agonist properties.     

Adenosine mediates transforming growth factor-beta 1 release in kidney glomeruli of diabetic rats

Up regulation of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) axis has been recognized as a pathogenic event for progression of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy. We demonstrate that glomeruli isolated from diabetic rats accumulate up to sixfold more extracellular adenosine than normal rats. Both decreased nucleoside uptake activity by the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and increased AMP hydrolysis contribute to raise extracellular adenosine. Ex vivo assays indicate that activation of the low affinity adenosine A_2B receptor subtype (A_2BAR) mediates TGF-β1 release from glomeruli of diabetic rats, a pathogenic event that could support progression of glomerulopathy when the bioavailability of adenosine is increased.     

Turtles Are Not Just Walking Stones: Conspicuous Coloration and Sexual Selection in Freshwater Turtles

Turtles are among the most intriguing amniotes but their communication and signaling have rarely been studied. Traditionally, they have been seen as basically just silent armored ‘walking stones’ with complex physiology but no altruism, maternal care, or aesthetic perception. Recently, however, we have witnessed a radical change in the perception of turtle behavioral and cognitive skills. In our study, we start by reviewing some recent findings pertaining to various highly developed behavioral and cognitive patterns with special emphasis on turtles. Then we focus on freshwater turtles and use data about their sexual behavior and size sexual dimorphism (SSD) to test whether conspicuous coloration of the head is in these animals related to sexual processes. We found that absence of aggressive mating behavior is statistically associated with the presence of conspicuous coloration on turtles’ heads. It also seems that while species with female-biased SSD are characterised by conspicuously colored head ornaments, in species with male-biased SSD conspicuous coloration is absent. Unlike large females, males thus seem to be under pressure to develop conspicuous coloration and engage in non-aggressive behavior using signaling to succeed in courtship. And finally, we discuss possible roles of head color patterns in turtle communication during mating.