The origin,structure and occurrence of corpora amylacea in the bovine mammary gland and in milk

Summary Fibres growing from neurons of explanted dorsal root ganglia from 10 day chick embryos were transected and subsequently observed by light and electron microscopy after periods of a few to fifty minutes. Changes immediately proximal and distal to the cut together with alterations further away from the site of injury on both sides of the cut were recorded. Observations were also made on the growth cones of damaged axons and on changes in associated glial cells.Reactive and degenerative changes including the rotation, retraction and swelling of cut axons occurred rapidly. Electron microscopy revealed tracts of filamentous material close to the sealed-off ends of axons, swollen organelles such as mitochondria, and lamellar bodies of varying dimensions.Proximal to the injury and closer to the expiant, damaged and degenerating axons mingled with normal processes. Many contained only a fine granular material, others clumps of organelles, particularly mitochondria.Distal to the cut, microspikes were lost from some growth cones. The dense granular material filling microspikes and growth cones remained unchanged. Clumps of large clear vesicles, lamellar bodies and swollen degenerating mitochondria were present, not only within growth cones, but also in all parts of the axon distal to the cut.Glial cells associated with transected axons soon developed an electron dense cytoplasm containing swollen organelles. Large numbers of vesicles filled with a particulate substance were also found.The possible significance of the changes observed after transection are considered and discussed.The author wishes to thank Prof. D.W. James in whose laboratory at University College London these studies were initiated, Dr. A.R. Lieberman for his expert help and advice and the University of London Central Research Fund and Wellcome Trust for financial assistance     

小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果分析及对血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的影响

目的:探讨小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果及对血清gaspase切割的细胞角蛋白18(CCCK-18)、补体C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3(CTRP-3)水平的影响。方法:选取2016年5月至2018年5月我院收治的160例基底节区高血压脑出血患者,按照随机数表法将其分为观察组(n=82)和对照组(n=78)。对照组采用传统大骨瓣开颅术治疗,观察组采用小骨窗显微手术治疗。观察和比较两组的临床疗效,血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间,治疗前后NIHSS、ADL评分、血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[95.12%vs. 79.48%](P0.05);血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间均显著优于对照组[(93.62±3.58)%vs.(85.40±2.19)%,(92.47±12.56)mL vs.(189.25±26.47) mL,(2.01±0.58) d vs.(8.69±2.03) d,(13.39±2.08) d vs.(19.45±3.76) d](P0.05);NIHSS评分显著低于对照组[(9.76±1.42)分vs.(20.57±3.26)分](P0.05);ADL评分显著高于对照组[(86.42±8.64)分vs.(75.39±7.02)分](P0.05);血清CCCK-18水平显著低于对照组[(201.76±32.59) U/L vs.(237.57±39.20) U/L,(29.59±5.19) ng/mL vs.(42.97±7.94)ng/mL](P0.05);CTRP-3水平显著高于对照组[(289.59±35.19)ng/mL vs.(232.97±27.94)ng/mL](P0.05);并发症总发生率显著低于对照组[3.65%(3/82) vs. 14.10%(11/78)](P0.05)。结论:小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效显著,可更有效清除血肿,缓解血肿压迫,改善神经功能,减少继发性损伤,安全性高,可能与其降低血清CCCK-18水平及升高CTRP-3水平有关。     

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.     

显微镜下经外侧裂清除高血压壳核血肿的手术体会

目的:探讨显微镜下经外侧裂-岛叶入路治疗30例高血压壳核出血的手术体会。方法:选择高血压壳核出血患者30例,采取经翼点-外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗高血压壳核出血的方法,观察记录上述患者手术一般资料及手技体会、手术治疗临床效果及术后第6个月患者的恢复情况。结果:上述患者平均输血量93.3±45.6ml,平均手术时间2.5±0.4小时,平均住院时间23.1±3.3天;血肿清除量>90%者18例,80%～70%者10例,<70%者2例;术后第6个月评价上述患者的ADL,Ⅰ级7例(23.3%),Ⅱ级13例(43.3%),Ⅲ级8例(26.7%),Ⅳ级2例(6.7%),Ⅴ级0例(0.0%),临床疗效满意病例20例(66.7%)。结论:经外侧裂显微手术治疗壳核出血,具有手术时间短、患者创伤小、术后恢复快的优点,值得临床推广。     

Central nervous control of hindleg coordination in stridulating grasshoppers

 Stridulation in many gomphocerine grasshoppers is characterized by specific phase shifts between the two hindlegs as well as different movement patterns produced by the left and the right leg. The underlying neuronal excitation patterns are generated by networks on either side of the metathoracic ganglion. The role of the intraganglionic commissures in right-left coordination and the production of differing movement patterns was investigated by transecting the metathoracic ganglion mediosagittally in Omocestus viridulus, Chorthippus biguttulus and Chorthippus mollis. In all three species, after this operation both hindlegs produced the same pattern and no longer different movements. The effects of transection on coordination differed: rapid movement rhythms, like those typical of Ch. biguttulus and the vibratory parts of the song of Ch. mollis, on the two sides drifted with respect to one another. In contrast, the slow rhythms characteristic of O. viridulus and the song subunits of Ch. mollis were completely synchronized. It is inferred that in intact animals the pathways for coordination of the rapid stridulatory rhythms are exclusively intraganglionic, whereas the phase relations of the slow rhythms are additionally influenced by way of anterior right-left connections, perhaps within the suboesophageal ganglion. Accepted: 15 October 1996     

显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果分析

目的:研究显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果。方法:选取2014年7月至2015年6月本院收治的150例矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者,根据投硬币法分为观察组和对照组,每组75例。观察组采取显微手术进行治疗,对照组采用常规开颅手术方式进行治疗,比较两组患者的手术指标、手术切除率、临床疗效及并发症的发生率。结果:观察组的术中输血量、出血量均显著少于对照组(P0.05),两组患者手术时间、手术切除程度、改善率、致残率及死亡率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总的并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:经显微手术治疗矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者术中输血量和出血量较少,手术效果良好,安全性高。     

经口激光显微手术治疗声门型喉癌的研究进展

经口激光显微手术(transoral laser microsurgery,TLM)应用于声门型喉癌(glottic carcinoma,GC)具有显著的优越性:安全有效,局部复发率低,喉保留率高,实现了GC的微创治疗。大量的研究表明TLM应用于早期GC的疗效与放射治疗和喉裂开术相似。因其不但损伤更小,更加精确,而且患者术后生活质量更好,为早期GC的首选治疗方式。目前将TLM推广应用到中晚期GC、前联合喉癌以及挽救放疗或TLM后早期复发性GC的治疗中,可能为有效保留喉部功能的治疗方式,但是国内相关的文献报道较少,较多的报道了开放性手术仍是GC主要的治疗方式。因此,本文就TLM治疗GC的现状、手术疗效、优越性、应用前景等方面做一综述,进一步研究及认识TLM对GC的治疗有非常重要的临床应用价值。     

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.     

显微外科与腹腔镜手术治疗精索静脉曲张疗效比较的回顾性研究

摘要 目的：对比显微外科与腹腔镜手术治疗索静脉曲张（VC）的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2018年8月~2020年8月期间在我院接受精索静脉结扎术治疗的75例VC患者,其中接受腹腔镜手术的34例纳为A组,接受显微外科手术的41例纳为B组。观察两组手术及住院指标情况,对比两组手术前后精液质量变化,观察两组术后并发症发生率和复发率。结果：两组住院天数、住院费用组间对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。B组手术时间长于A组,排气时间短于A组,组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。手术后6个月,两组患者的精液量均增加,精子密度均增大,精子活率、活动精子总数均升高,精液液化时间均下降,且B组的变化程度大于A组（P<0.05）。B组的并发症发生率小于A组（P<0.05）。A组有2例患者随访期间复发,B组未见有患者复发,两组复发率组间对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与腹腔镜手术治疗VC相比,显微外科手术能更有效地改善精液质量、缩短排气时间、降低并发症发生率,虽然手术时间稍长,仍属于较为可靠的术式。     

显微手术治疗囊性听神经瘤的临床研究

目的:探讨显微外科开颅治疗囊性听神经鞘瘤的肿瘤全切情况及面、听神经的保留情况。方法:回顾性分析2006年8月至2013年9月我院收治的42例经枕下乙状窦后入路开颅囊性听神经鞘瘤手术患者的临床资料,同时对37例患者进行术后随访,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:囊性听神经鞘瘤(42例)手术全切率simpson(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级)为64.28%(27例),次全切除率(simpsonⅢ级)为26.19%(11例),部分切除率为(simpsonⅣ级)为9.53%(4例),面神经解剖保留率为71.43%(30例),面神经功能保留率为14.29%(6例),听神经解剖保留率为7.1%,听神经功能保留3例,较实质性听神经瘤的手术效果差。结论:囊性听神经瘤的面、听神经解剖与功能保护尚有难度,需要进一步提高。