Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci in Lindera benzoin,Lauraceae

Microsatellite markers were developed for studies of the genetic diversity and population substructure of Lindera benzoin, Lauraceae (spicebush). Nuclear microsatellite sequences were obtained from DNA libraries that were enriched for (CA), (GA), (AAG) and (ATG) repeat motifs. From 69 microsatellite sequences, 20 primer sets were developed. Of these, 11 primer pairs resulted in amplified polymorphic loci. In 29 samples of eastern Pennsylvania spicebush plants, the number of microsatellite alleles ranged from two to 16 per locus with observed heterozygosity values ranging from 0.10 to 0.82.     

Stem turnover strategy of multiple-stemmed woody plants

We have investigated stem turnover strategy for Lindera umbellata, an understory shrub that sprouts from its rootstock under natural conditions to replace constituent stems, on the basis of the hypothesis that the multiple-stemmed form of woody species is an adaptation enabling efficient reproduction in high-stress environments. We tested the hypothesis that the timing of stem replacement maximizes sexual reproduction for the shrub. We developed a model for the time of optimum replacement of a stem by a daughter stem which maximizes the sexual reproduction of a shrub and tested the model using L. umbellata growing in the field. From the model, the optimum time of replacement of a stem with a daughter stem is when cumulative sexual reproduction per unit time for the stem is maximum. In practice, this will be the last age (t _opt) at which annual sexual reproduction in a stem can potentially exceed cumulative sexual reproduction per unit time for the stem. Half of the stems died at almost t _opt and had sexually mature daughter stems at that time. Other stems, however, died at times more remote from t _opt when daughter stems were sexually immature. It is thought that normal replacement of the latter stems was prevented by accidents such as breakage. We conclude that clumps of L. umbellata achieve efficient sexual reproduction by stem replacement at the optimum time, although accidents can, to some extent, determine when the stem actually dies.     

天目山山胡椒不同部位内生真菌组成及多样性分析

采用表面消毒法,从浙江天目山野生山胡椒[ Lindera glauca( Sieb.et Zucc.) Blume]的茎、叶和树皮中分离出内生真菌,基于ITS序列分析进行分类鉴定;并以内生真菌的分离率、定殖率、分离频率、多样性指数(H')及相似性系数为指标,分析了山胡椒内生真菌的菌群组成及多样性.结果显示:在26株山胡椒样株的728块组织块中共分离得到328株内生真菌(茎、叶和树皮中分别有161、40和127株);共鉴定出44个分类单元(茎、叶和树皮中各有19、18和28个),其中25个分类单元鉴定到种、17个鉴定到属、2个鉴定到科,ITS序列的GenBank登录号从JF502420至JF502462.在44个分类单元中,有40个分类单元属于子囊菌(310株),存在于山胡椒的各个部位;仅有4个分类单元属于担子菌(18株),且仅存在于茎和树皮中.山胡椒茎、树皮和叶中内生真菌的定殖率分别为65％、60％和15％,分离率分别为0.77、0.61和0.19;叶和树皮中内生真菌的多样性指数均为2.63,远大于茎(H’=1.83).山胡椒内生真菌的优势属为Phomopsis、Paraconiothyrium、Phoma和Colletotrichum,大量存在于叶、茎和树皮中.山胡椒茎与树皮、茎与叶及叶与树皮间内生真菌的相似性系数分别为0.27、0.19和0.18,显示树皮和叶之间以及树皮和茎之间内生真菌的组成极不相似.研究结果表明:山胡椒体内存在大量的内生真菌,其茎、叶和树皮的内生真菌菌群组成具有一定程度的多样性和差异性,且内生真菌的分布具有组织特异性.     

香叶树果挥发油的化学成分和抗菌活性研究

本文利用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术确定了香叶树（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ）果挥发油１８种成分的化 学结构和相对含量,这些化合物多为倍半萜烯类或其含氧衍生物,优势成分为双（２－羟乙 基）月桂酰胺（４３．５％）和正癸酸（３５．８２％）。体外对１２种真菌和细菌的药敏实验表明,该 挥发油具有很好的抑制活性,其中,对致病真菌的 ＭＩＣ为 ０． ０３～０． ５ μｌ／ｍｌ,对污染霉菌 的 ＭＩＣ为 １． ０～２． ０ μｌ／ｍｌ,对细菌的 ＭＩＣ为 ０． ０２～０． ０３ μｌ／ｍｌ。     

Genetic differentiation between sun and shade habitats in populations of Lindera benzoin L.

Differences in selection patterns among habitats can alter the distribution of genetic diversity even when this is estimated with neutral markers. For plants, light is an essential resource that can influence both abiotic and biotic components of habitat. We examined genetic differentiation between sun and shade habitats in Lindera benzoin L. (Spicebush), a perennial understory shrub. Genetic diversity of 127 plants from sun and shade habitats in two populations of L. benzoin was determined using 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. We analyzed patterns of genetic diversity using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and we assessed correlation between genetic and geographic distance using Mantel tests. We found (1) low levels of differentiation among populations (F _ST = 0.028), (2) little evidence of genetic structure within populations due to isolation-by-distance, and (3) some evidence of habitat-based genetic differentiation. Specifically, the AMOVA showed a small (0.5%) but significant portion of overall variation could be explained by differences between habitats. The overall low levels of differentiation we saw were likely a result of extensive gene flow in this dioecious, bird-dispersed species.     

西双版纳季节雨林的外貌与结构特点

本文采用群落样方法和剖面图解法对西双版纳季节雨林水平及垂直结构做了初步讨论。依立木高度、树冠形态、．各层植物叶之解剖结构划分层次; 用Raunkiaer的生活型谱统计生活型、叶级、叶质、叶型组成,并对其外貌特点做了讨论,最后跟龙脑香林外貌结构做了比较。通过比较表明：本区大面积混合季节雨林种类组成表现出一些种类分布普遍,另一些种类局限,随地势、地形、土壤和局部气候差异形成多样性组合,这种组合在同一林地也明显,构成嵌镶。在自然地段森林可分七层。组成各层的结构种,幼灌层D多于其他各层,说明D层在结构关系中具较大独立性。乔木、灌木、草本层片是基干层片和构成森林结构的骨架,外貌上以单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶、滴水尖叶为主的常绿阔叶大、中高位芽组成为特征,所有这些表现出与东南亚龙脑香林相似。外貌结构上与具显著干旱季节气候的中印半岛北部更接近。     

Contribution of insectivorous avifauna to top down control of Lindera benzoin herbivores at forest edge and interior habitats

Predation of herbivorous Lepidoptera larvae by insectivorous avifauna was estimated on Lindera benzoin in edge and interior habitats at two sites in eastern Pennsylvania (USA). Clay baits modeled after Epimecis hortaria (Geometridae) larvae, the primary herbivore of L. benzoin at our study sites, were used to estimate predation by birds. In both habitat types, models were placed on uninjured L. benzoin leaves as well as on leaves that had prior insect herbivore damage. Rates of model attack were greater, and model longevity reduced, in forest edge plots compared to interiors. Naturally occurring herbivore damage on L. benzoin was greater in forest interiors. However, model attack was not significantly greater on leaves with prior herbivory damage, suggesting that birds do not effectively use this type of leaf damage as a cue in their foraging. Our findings are consistent with a contribution of bird predation towards top-down control of herbivory in this system. We further discuss these results in a broader context considering the possible effects of habitat type on leaf quality, leaf defense, and herbivore performance.     

燃油植物香叶树的开发利用与栽培

我国木本油脂植物种类很多,特别是在我国亚热带地区分布很广,但分布零散.香叶树在云南腾冲县有比较集中的资源,其果实含油率很高,是加工生物柴油的良好原料.分析了香叶树油用于生物柴油的有利条件,并介绍了香叶树栽培技术要点,供有条件的地区发展香叶树资源与生产时参考.