热激锻炼对高温胁迫下菊花生理代谢的影响

以菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)品种'神马'的扦插苗为试验试材,在40℃下对其进行8 h的热激锻炼,然后在50℃下分别进行0、 1、 1.5、 2、 2.5、4 h不同时间的高温胁迫.通过对其相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量及过氧化物歧化酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的测定,研究了热激锻炼对菊花耐热性的影响.结果表明,热激锻炼的菊花叶片相对电导率比对照减小,MDA含量也比对照减小,而可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及POD和SOD活性比对照增加,说明热激锻炼在一定程度上提高了菊花幼苗的耐热性.     

低温胁迫对巨尾桉幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响

以木本植物巨尾桉幼苗为材料 ,研究低温胁迫对巨尾桉膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响 ,测定了幼苗叶片的O 2(超氧阴离子 )产生速率、H2 O2 、(过氧化氢 )、MDA(丙二醛 )含量、相对电导率和SOD(超氧化物歧化酶 )、POD(过氧化物酶 )、CAT(过氧化氢酶 )、APX(抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 )活性。结果表明 :低温胁迫使叶片O 2 产生速率、H2 O2 、MDA含量和相对电导率增加 ,但抗寒锻炼植株的增幅远小于对照 ;抗寒锻炼植株的SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均低于对照。     

钙抑制剂对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片活性氧代谢的影响

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为材料,研究了叶面喷施Ca2+通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl3)和Ca2+螯合剂EGTA预处理对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及氧自由基(O2?-)产生速率的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性均显著升高,活性氧水平和MDA含量显著增加;外源喷施EGTA和LaCl3降低了机械损伤胁迫下叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,减缓了O2?-产生速率,H2O2含量和MDA含量显著下降;且EGTA的抑制作用比LaCl3更强.研究表明,机械损伤胁迫诱导的活性氧代谢需要Ca2+的参与,Ca2+和活性氧在植物防御信号传递过程中密切相关;伤害诱导胞外Ca2+内流是胞内Ca2+浓度增加的重要来源.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对辣椒植株低温胁迫伤害的缓解效应

以‘超越五号'辣椒品种为试材,研究了低温胁迫期间及随后的常温恢复过程中5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA 25 mg·L-1)处理对始花期辣椒植株生长量,叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和电解质渗透率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以探讨ALA提高辣椒抗寒性的生理机制.结果表明,低温胁迫下叶面喷施25 mg·L-1的ALA可显著提高辣椒植株生长量,增加叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增强其POD、CAT及APX活性,并显著降低辣椒叶片中SOD活性、电解质渗透率和MDA含量.叶面喷施ALA也显著降低了恢复过程中辣椒叶片中的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性,使膜伤害基本恢复到对照水平.可见,外源ALA处理可通过提高低温胁迫下辣椒叶片的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长,缓解低温胁迫对植株的伤害.     

化学杂交剂诱导的小麦生理型雄性不育花药的活性氧代谢

以化学杂交剂SQ-1诱导的生理型小麦雄性不育及其对照植株花药为材料,研究了不同花粉发育时期花药中超氧阴离子(O-·2)生成速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及主要抗氧化酶活性的变化,以探明小麦花药活性氧代谢和生理型雄性不育的关系.结果表明,在幼穗时期,O-·2生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均高于相应对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则低于或显著低于对照;在单核早期以及花粉败育主要发生期(单核后期和二核初期),O-·2生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量极显著高于对照,而SOD、POD、CAT和APX酶活性却极显著低于对照;在败育后的花药中,O-·2生成速率和H2O2含量与对照之间差异幅度缩小,但MDA含量依然加大,同期的几种抗氧化酶活性依然极显著低于对照.在败育的关键期,品种'西农1376'处理株花药的活性氧升高幅度比'西农2611'处理株较大,抗氧化酶活性降低幅度也较大,且'西农1376'处理株的相对雄性不育率也较高.可见,化学杂交剂SQ-1能诱导小麦花药中O-·2和H2O2大量积累以及SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性的极显著降低,引起花粉关键败育期花药活性氧代谢严重失衡和严重膜脂过氧化,导致大量花粉母细胞发育受到严重抑制,最终造成小麦生理型雄性不育.     

外源芦丁预处理对水分胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理效应

以玉米(Zeamays L.)品种'郏单958'为材料.采用营养液水培法,研究了外源芦丁(Rutin)对聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫下幼苗叶片质膜相对透性、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的影响.结果显示:(1)在15%PEG-6000胁迫下,玉米叶片的MDA含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著增加,保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性显著升高.(2)一定浓度芦丁(>0.40 g/L)预处理可显著抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,并诱导SOD、POD和CAT活性提高.降低脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量.说明外源芦丁能够提高玉米幼苗的抗氧化作用,缓解水分胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜免受或减少损伤·达到提高植物抗旱性的目的.     

Cd~(2+)胁迫对小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以小麦品种'西旱2号'和'宁春4号'幼苗为材料,采用室内水培实验研究了不同浓度Cd(NO3)2处理对叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性调节物含量等的影响.结果表明,两小麦品种幼苗的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)及叶绿素总量在镉胁迫下均比对照降低,且高浓度镉对'西旱2号'幼苗叶片Chl b的破坏程度强于Chl a;两品种镉胁迫幼苗的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均比对照不同程度地升高;两品种镉胁迫幼苗的可溶性糖含量均与对照无显著差异,但'宁春4号'幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量却比对照显著升高,且此效应具有浓度依赖性;镉胁迫下两品种小麦幼苗叶片的MDA含量变化与对照无显著差异.研究显示,两品种小麦幼苗叶片的光合色素在镉胁迫下均受到不同程度的破坏,但它们均能通过增加体内保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来缓解膜脂过氧化伤害,从而对镉胁迫均表现出较强的耐受能力.     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

NaCl胁迫对大果白刺幼苗生长和抗逆生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理对1年生大果白刺生长状况及叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、水势、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,低浓度NaCl处理(≤50 mmol·L^-1)对大果白刺生长没有显著的抑制作用,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均有所提高;高浓度(＞50 mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理抑制了大果白刺的冠幅面积、分枝数和叶、枝、侧根干质量,叶片的SOD、CAT、POD活性和可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著下降. 随NaCl处理浓度升高,H₂O₂和MDA含量增加,叶片水势降低.
     

亚精胺调控菊花不定根发生的生理机制

以菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)品种‘神马’为试验材料,研究外源亚精胺(spermidine,Spd)及其抑制剂二环己胺(dicyclohexyl amine,DCHA)对不定根发生及相关生理生化指标的影响。结果显示,外源Spd处理可以比对照提前2 d生根,并且对生根和种苗质量提高有显著效果,增加了扦插菊花叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白的积累,并且显著提高了茎基部IAA的含量以及IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR的比值,降低了ABA、ZR、JA、GA含量,同时提高茎基部POD和PPO活性;DCHA对生根和种苗质量有抑制作用,并且生理指标均表现出不同程度的抑制作用;DCHA处理完再用Spd处理的插穗可以缓解DCHA的抑制。结果表明:一定浓度的Spd通过影响叶绿素、营养物质、内源激素及相关酶活性,影响菊花不定根的形成。     

萘乙酸处理桉树插条后过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶变化与插条生根的关系研究

尾叶桉MLA无性系(简称MLA)为难生根植物,尾叶桉U₆无性系(简称U₆)和刚果12号桉W₅无性系(简称W₅)为相对易生根植物。MLA的插条内的过氧化物酶(POD)活性较U₆、W₅的高。用萘乙酸(NAA)处理桉树的插条后,在扦插生根的不同阶段,插条内的POD活性呈现规律性的变化。POD同工酶谱带也随生根的进程出现增多现象。本文讨论了过氧化物酶与桉树插条生根的关系。     

Activity and isoforms of peroxidases, lignin and anatomy, during adventitious rooting in cuttings of Ebenus cretica L

Adventitious rooting of Ebenus cretica cuttings was studied in order to examine a) the rooting ability of different genotypes in relation to electrophoretic patterns of peroxidases. b) the activity and electrophoretic patterns of soluble and wall ionically bound peroxidases, the lignin content and anatomical changes in the control and IBA treated cuttings of and genotypes in the course of adventitious root formation. In addition, a fraction of soluble cationic peroxidases was separated by gel filtration chromatography from the total soluble peroxidases of a genotype. No rooting occurred in cuttings without IBA-treatment. In both genotypes, electrophoretic patterns of soluble anionic peroxidases revealed two common peroxidase isoforms, while a fast-migrating anionic peroxidase isoform (A3) appeared only in genotypes. Both genotypes showed similar patterns of soluble, as well as wall ionically bound cationic peroxidase isoforms. The number of isoforms was unchanged during the rooting process (induction, initiation and expression phase) but an increase in peroxidase activity (initiation phase) followed by decrease has been found in IBA-treated cuttings. During initiation phase the lignin content was almost similar to that on day 0 in genotype while it was reduced at by about 50% in genotype at the respective time. Microscopic observations revealed anatomical differences between genotypes. According to this study, the and genotypes display differences in anatomy, lignin content, activity of soluble peroxidases and the electrophoretic patterns of soluble anionic peroxidase isoforms. The A3-anionic peroxidase isoform could be used as biochemical marker to distinguish and genotypes of E. cretica and seems to be correlated to lignin synthesis in rooting process.     

Effect of Auxins on Adventitious Root Development from Single Node Cuttings of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze and Associated Biochemical Changes

An attempt was made to induce rooting from single node cuttings of Camellia sinensis var. TV-20 under controlled conditions and study its biochemical changes during rooting. The nodal cuttings were pretreated with different concentrations of IAA, NAA and IBA and kept in a growth chamber (25 ±2 °C, 16 h photoperiod (55 μ mol m⁻² s⁻¹) with cool, white fluorescent lamps and 65% relative humidity) for 12 h. Among the three auxins used for pretreatment, IBA showed more positive response on rooting as compared to IAA and NAA within 2 weeks of transfer to potting medium. Among four concentrations of IBA tested, 75 ppm gave maximum percentage of rooting, number of roots and root length. Therefore, IBA was used further in experiments for biochemical investigation. The adventitious rooting was obtained in three distinct phases i.e. induction (0–12 days), initiation (12–14 days) and expression (14–18 days). IAA-oxidase activity of IBA-treated cuttings increased slightly as compared to control. The activity was found to decrease during induction and initiation phases and increase during expression phase. The peroxidase activity in IBA-treated cuttings increased up to initiation phase and declined at the expression phase. Polyphenoloxidase activity increased both in IBA-treated and control cuttings during induction and initiation phase but declined slowly during expression phase. Total phenolic content was higher in IBA-treated cuttings, particularly in initiation and expression phases and it also correlated with peroxidase activity. Phenolics might be playing key role for induction of adventitious rooting, and phenolic compounds can be used as rooting enhancer in tea plant.     

吲哚丁酸处理桉树插条后过氧化物酶活性和同工酶变化与插条生根的关系

尾叶桉MLA无性系（简称MLA）为难生根植物,属叶桉U6无性系（简称6）和刚果12号桉W5无性系（简称W5）为相对易生根植物。MLA的插条中的过氧化物酶（POD）活性较U6、W5的高。用吲哚丁酸（IBA）处理桉树的插条后,在扦插生根的不同阶段,插条内的POD活性呈现规律性的变化。蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。POD同工酶谱带也随生根的进程出现增多的现象。本文讨论了过氧化物酶与桉树插条生根的关系。     

The Effects of Ascorbate on Root Regeneration in Seedling Cuttings of Tomato

The changes in ascorbate (ASC) and dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels and the activities of ascorbate metabolising enzymes were examined during adventitious root formation in cuttings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Paw) seedlings. The effects of ASC, DHA and the immediate ascorbate precursor – galactono-γ-lactone (GalL) supplemented to the culture medium on the rooting response, ascorbate content and the activities of the ASC-metabolising enzymes were also investigated. The cuttings treated with abovementioned compounds formed more roots then control plants. However, in contrast to the number of regenerated organs, the elongation of newly formed roots was markedly inhibited. Treatment with auxin (IAA) resulted in a similar phenotype. The inhibitor of auxin polar transport-TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) effectively blocked rooting. The inhibitory effect of TIBA was reversed by auxin and ASC treatments, while DHA and GalL were ineffective. Both auxin and ASC stimulated cell divisions in an area of pericycle layer of TIBA-treated rooting zones, that enabled cuttings to form roots in the presence of the inhibitor of auxin polar transport. It has been found that the first stages of rooting, preceding the emergence of roots, are accompanied by an increase in endogenous content of ASC with a peak in the 3rd day of rooting. Subsequent stages, when elongation of newly formed roots occurs, are characterised by low level of ASC. The activities of the ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbate oxidase (AOX), ascorbate free radical reductase (AFRR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHR) increased in the first 3 days of root formation. The initial period of rooting was also accompanied by the increase of the hydrogen peroxide content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in the rooting zones. IAA, ASC, DHA as well as Gal stimulated the APX activity, however the rise of the enzyme's activity induced by ASC, DHA and Gal was reversed by TIBA, which was found to inhibit APX. Only exogenous IAA was able to maintain the high level of APX activity in the TIBA-treated cuttings. AOX was strongly affected by ASC and GalL – treatments, its activity increased in the cuttings grown on the media containing ASC in the absence as well as in the presence of TIBA. On the other hand, GalL-dependent stimulation of its activity was suppressed if TIBA was present in a rooting medium.     

Sequential rooting media and rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro. Peroxidase activity as a marker

The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and mature shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on different rooting media (inductive and expressive media) after passage on an elongating medium. None of the cuttings rooted when continuously kept on medium containing the auxin NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings on NAA+D2 first increased during the 7–9 first days and decreased in the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer of the cuttings after periods longer than 7–9 days from the NAA+D2 inductive medium to a basal medium supplemented or not with rutin (expressive medium). The rooting capacity was emphasized by rutin treatment and was in correlation with the peroxidase peak reached on the NAA+D2 medium. Seedlings, characterised by the highest peroxidase activity, were most performing in rooting.Abbreviations BM basal medium - D2 ergocalciferol - NAA naphtaleneacetic acid     

蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根的形成

对蕨藻红素影响大豆下胚轴插条不定根形成的研究表明：蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根的形成,其最适浓度为0.5μmol·L^-1,最适处理时间为2d。0.5μmol·L^-1蕨藻红素处理大豆插条后,不定根诱导阶段（0～24h）的POD、CAT、IAAox活性较低;而不定根形成生长阶段（24～72h）的CAT和IAAox活性较高,POD活性低于未作处理的。试验推测蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根形成的生理基础可能与其影响POD、CAT和IAAox活性有关。     

Peroxidases during adventitious rooting in cuttings of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arbutus unedo</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> as affected by plant genotype and growth regulator treatment

Cuttings of Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) and Taxus baccata (yew) were treated with 8.0 and 10.0 g l^–1, respectively, of KIBA, IBA, IAA, NAA and Paclobutrazol. No rooting occurred without growth regulator treatment. The effect of growth regulators on percentage of rooting followed the order KIBA > IBA > IAA = NAA = Paclobutrazol = 0% (for A. unedo) and KIBA > IBA > IAA > NAA > Paclobutrazol = 0% (for T. baccata). Genotypes of the above plant species had significant effects on the number and length of roots, percentage of rooting and peroxidase specific activity (PA) on KIBA-treated cuttings. High PA seems to be related with low percentage of rooting in the case of A. unedo cuttings while no similar results were noticed in the case of T. baccata. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the appearance of two to three anionic and one cationic peroxidase isoforms in A. unedo cuttings, while six to nine anionic and no cationic peroxidases isoforms appeared in the case of T. baccata genotypes. During adventitious rooting, the PA showed the three interdependent phases (induction, initiation, expression) in both K-IBA treated cuttings of A. unedo and T. baccata, but in a different time course.     

微域环境因子对落基山圆柏插穗生根的影响

以8年生落基山圆柏(Juniperus scopulorum)的嫩枝为试验材料, 采用不同扦插密度和基质等处理措施, 研究了微域环境因子对插穗生根的影响。结果表明, 两种不同扦插密度的生根部位、愈伤率、生根率、炼存率、生根效果指数(root effect index, REI)、离散度指数(rooting dispersion index, RDI)和分形特征均存在显著差异。综合分析生根率、炼存率、REI和RDI等发现, 密插处理的效果好于稀插, 稀插处理的插穗生根能力较差, 生根性状离散度较大。密插处理的插穗的根系平均分形维数是稀插处理的1.24倍, 两者差异极显著(p < 0.01)。不同扦插密度下插穗的生根部位和生根机制不同: 插穗在密插处理下形成诱生根, 在稀插处理下形成原基根。不同的扦插密度造成了落基山圆柏微域环境的显著差异, 但同一密度下不同基质种类对微域环境因子的调控作用有限。密插处理下插穗的微域环境相对湿度较高(最高可达83.5%), 温度较低, 光合有效辐射较小。这些环境因子的差异导致密插处理下插穗的净光合速率(P_n)较高, 蒸腾速率(T_r)较低。在0-60天内, 密插和稀插处理的插穗的P_n均呈上升趋势, 并且二者相差的幅度随着试验时间的延长而迅速增大; 在60天以后, 二者均呈下降趋势, 相差幅度基本保持不变。密插处理下的T_r值在0-30天内基本保持不变, 而此时稀插处理下的T_r迅速增加。在30-60天内密插处理下的T_r快速增加, 60天时达到最大值, 但仍低于稀插处理。这些结果表明, 外部微域环境因子对插穗生根的影响是通过影响其内在生理指标来实现的, 插穗营养状况的差异是造成生根机制不同的主要原因。     

油茶扦插生根的生化特性

以4年生‘岑软2号’油茶(Camellia oleifera ‘Cenruan 2’)的半木质化枝条为材料,采用不同生长调节剂处理插穗,测定扦插生根过程中插穗过氧化物酶(POD)、可溶性蛋白质及叶绿素含量的动态变化。结果表明,扦插后不同时间的POD活性、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量均有极显著差异(P<0.01),且呈规律性变化,POD活性呈“上升–下降–上升–下降”双峰变化趋势,可溶性蛋白质呈“上升–下降–上升”变化趋势,叶绿素含量呈“下降–上升–下降–上升”变化趋势;与对照相比,经生长调节剂处理的插穗POD活性、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量的峰值显著提高,说明其促进油茶插穗生根。