COX-2抑制剂在胃癌中的研究进展

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是催化花生四烯酸合成前列腺素的关键限速酶,呈诱导性表达在病变组织中,参与各种损伤性化学、肿瘤、炎症、发热、凝血、疼痛等病理过程。近年来大量研究表明,COX-2在胃癌的发生发展及转移中起着关键性作用,COX-2在肿瘤增殖、血管生成、侵袭转移及抑制细胞凋亡中的作用已经受到医学界的关注,诸多研究表明选择性COX-2抑制剂不仅能够抑制胃癌细胞的增殖和促进癌细胞凋亡,还能降低胃癌细胞的侵袭转移能力,有助于胃癌的防治。随着COX-2与胃癌关系研究的深入,作为胃癌防治靶点之一的COX-2,已经成为胃癌治疗的热点。本文主要讨论COX-2及其抑制剂在胃癌的中作用及研究进展。     

环氧合酶-2 在肿瘤中的表达及其抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用进展

环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)是前列腺素合成过程中一重要的限速酶,COX-2的过度表达及其前列腺素产物与多种肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,COX-2抑制剂通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,阻断致癌物的代谢,减弱肿瘤介导的免疫抑制,调节抑制血管生成,抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭,环氧合酶非依赖抑癌途径,对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响等途径影响肿瘤的发生发展,这方面的研究为针对COX-2的抗肿瘤策略打开新的视野,提供新的线索。     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤中的表达及其抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用进展

环氧合酶-2（Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）是前列腺素合成过程中一重要的限速酶,COX-2的过度表达及其前列腺素产物与多种肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,COX-2抑制剂通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,阻断致癌物的代谢,减弱肿瘤介导的免疫抑制,调节抑制血管生成,抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭,环氧合酶非依赖抑癌途径,对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响等途径影响肿瘤的发生发展,这方面的研究为针对COX-2的抗肿瘤策略打开新的视野,提供新的线索。     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是合成前列腺素的性,其高表达可促进肿瘤转移.COX-2通过改变细胞表面粘着因子和细胞外基质、促进肿瘤血管生成以及改变肿瘤微环境等一系列病理生理变化促进肿瘤转移.COX-2已成为预防和阻止肿瘤转移的药靶,COX-2抑制剂对肿瘤有一定疗效.现就近年来COx.2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究作一综述.     

选择性co x 一2 抑制剂在胶质瘤放疗中的研究进展

环氧合酶（cyclooxygenase,COX）又名前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶,是前列腺素类似物合成的限速酶。COX-2是其诱导型酶。胶质瘤中COX-2的高表达被认为与肿瘤的侵袭性、预后相关。COX-2在胶质瘤的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。选择性COX-2抑制剂通过直接和间接的作用机制而成为放射增敏剂。它们通过直接作用肿瘤细胞增强放射反应性,同时间接通过前列腺素影响肿瘤的血管形成抑制肿瘤生长。在体内和体外的研究表明选择性COX-2抑制剂可以增强胶质瘤对放射的反应性．降低恶性胶质瘤患者术后放射的必需照射剂量。而且在提高肿瘤放射敏感性的同时不增加对正常组织的放射损伤,甚至对正常组织有放射保护作用。因此,放疗联合选择性COX-2抑制剂可能成为胶质瘤治疗的新的有效途径。     

COX-2/PGE2对TNF-α促进MUC5AC分泌的影响

目的：研究环氧化酶-2（COX-2）/前列腺素（PGE2）在肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）刺激黏液生成过程中的作用。方法：体外培养的BEAS-2B气道上皮细胞系施以TNF-α刺激,以选择性及非选择性COX-2抑制剂为干预因素,比较各干预组与对照组中COX-2、PGE2水平及黏蛋白（MUC）5AC的含量的差异。结果：COX-2选择性抑制剂NS-398能抑制TNF-α引起的MUC5AC mRNA、MUC5AC蛋白含量增高（P〈0.05）,PGE2、COX-2及cAMP的含量也较刺激组减少,非选择性COX-2抑制剂吲哚美辛对MUC5AC mRNA及蛋白含量的影响不大。结论：在BEAS-2B上皮细胞系中,TNF-α能诱导COX-2/PGE2生成而引起黏蛋白分泌增加。     

COX-2 与血液恶性疾病

环氧化酶(COX-2)是体内前列腺素(PG)合成过程中重要的限速酶,它在正常组织中表达甚少,但在肿瘤和炎性细胞中表达较多,近年来的研究表明COX-2的过表达与肿瘤的发生,发展有关,使COX-2成为肿瘤研究的新热点,但COX-2在实体肿瘤中的研究较多而与血液恶性疾病之间关系国内报道较少,现就COX-2的研究进展以及在血液恶性肿瘤中的作用做一综述。     

生命科学 2008年度 第20卷 总目录

评述与综述COX-2及其抑制剂在肿瘤防治中的向阳作用孙敏王和勇1:81内源性神经干细胞与脑老化的治疗李绪领王德生孙曼霁1:86神经干细胞治疗阿尔茨海默病的研蔡志友究进展晏勇唐勇王咏龙吴芳1:90小胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病蔡志友晏勇1:95PPARβ在中枢神经系统中的作用研庄瑞春究进     

环氧化酶-2及其抑制剂，现在何处？又应走向何方？

本文回顾环氧化酶-2（COX-2）抑制剂的发展史和分析新的筛选方法：如平衡抑制剂对COX-1／COX-2的选择性,寻找双靶点或多靶点的抑制剂。在计算机辅助药物设计中结合更多的灵活的动力学原理,在天然分子的基础上设计新的药物分子,辅以脂质体包裹剂型实现药物靶向投递,以图研究出新一代更为安全的COX-2抑制剂来预防、控制癌症和其他疾病。     

Survivin小分子抑制剂的研究进展

Survivin是凋亡抑制蛋白家族的一员,在抑制细胞凋亡、调控细胞周期、参与血管形成等方面发挥重要的生物学功能。Survivin在多种肿瘤组织中过量表达,与肿瘤不良预后和耐药性密切相关。Survivin作为一种潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点,其小分子抑制剂用于肿瘤治疗的研究为人们所关注。概述了Survivin的结构、功能及其在肿瘤组织中的特异性表达,综述了目前靶向Survivin的小分子抑制剂的研究进展。     

环氧化酶-2对肿瘤细胞的作用机理研究

主要检测环氧化酶-2对肿瘤细胞的影响,分析讨论了环氧化酶-2引起细胞凋亡的潜在机制。不同浓度的环氧化酶-2处理肿瘤细胞的结果表明:环氧化酶-2对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用为时间和浓度依赖型。转染Bax-YFP与DsRed-Mit质粒并经环氧化酶-2处理3 h后的结果显示:肿瘤细胞中Bax明显聚集,细胞形态发生变化。实验证明环氧化酶-2促使肿瘤细胞凋亡是经过线粒体途径而发生的。     

Endothelial cell integrins and COX-2: mediators and therapeutic targets of tumor angiogenesis

Vascular integrins are essential regulators and mediators of physiological and pathological angiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis. Integrins provide the physical interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) necessary for cell adhesion, migration and positioning, and induce signaling events essential for cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Integrins preferentially expressed on neovascular endothelial cells, such as alphaVbeta3 and alpha5beta1, are considered as relevant targets for anti-angiogenic therapies. Anti-integrin antibodies and small molecular integrin inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and tumor progression in many animal models, and are currently tested in clinical trials as anti-angiogenic agents. Cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxans, is highly up-regulated in tumor cells, stromal cells and angiogenic endothelial cells during tumor progression. Recent experiments have demonstrated that COX-2 promotes tumor angiogenesis. Chronic intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COX-2 inhibitors significantly reduces the risk of cancer development, and this effect may be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Endothelial cell COX-2 promotes integrin alphaVbeta3-mediated endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, migration and angiogenesis through the prostaglandin-cAMP-PKA-dependent activation of the small GTPase Rac. In this article, we review the role of integrins and COX-2 in angiogenesis, their cross talk, and discuss implications relevant to their targeting to suppress tumor angiogenesis.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer: A review

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently expressed in many types of cancers exerting a pleiotropic and multifaceted role in genesis or promotion of carcinogenesis and cancer cell resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. COX-2 is released by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophage type 2 (M2) cells, and cancer cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). COX-2 induces cancer stem cell (CSC)-like activity, and promotes apoptotic resistance, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. COX-2 mediated hypoxia within the TME along with its positive interactions with YAP1 and antiapoptotic mediators are all in favor of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. COX-2 exerts most of the functions through its metabolite prostaglandin E2. In some and limited situations, COX-2 may act as an antitumor enzyme. Multiple signals are contributed to the functions of COX-2 on cancer cells or its regulation. Members of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and nuclear factor-κβ are main upstream modulators for COX-2 in cancer cells. COX-2 also has interactions with a number of hormones within the body. Inhibition of COX-2 provides a high possibility to exert therapeutic outcomes in cancer. Administration of COX-2 inhibitors in a preoperative setting could reduce the risk of metastasis in cancer patients. COX-2 inhibition also sensitizes cancer cells to treatments like radio- and chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents adversely induce COX-2 activity. Therefore, choosing an appropriate chemotherapy drugs along with adjustment of the type and does for COX-2 inhibitors based on the type of cancer would be an effective adjuvant strategy for targeting cancer.     

Aromatase and COX-2 expression in human breast cancers

We have investigated aromatase and the inducible cyclooxygenase COX-2 expression using immunocytochemistry in tumors of a series of patients with advanced breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors. Aromatase was expressed in 58/102 breast cancers. This is similar to the percentage previously reported for aromatase activity. Interestingly, aromatase was expressed in a variety of cell types, including tumor, stromal, adipose, and endothelial cells. Since prostaglandin E₂ is known to regulate aromatase gene expression and is the product of COX-2, an enzyme frequently overexpressed in tumors, immunocytochemistry was performed on the tissue sections using a polyclonal antibody to COX-2. Aromatase was strongly correlated (P<0.001) with COX-2 expression. These results suggest that PGE₂ produced by COX-2 in the tumor may be important in stimulating estrogen synthesis in the tumor and surrounding tissue. No correlation was observed between aromatase or COX-2 expression and the response of the patients to aromatase inhibitor treatment. However, only 13 patients responded. Nine of these patients were aromatase positive. Although similar to responses in other studies, this low response rate to second line treatment suggests that tumors of most patients were no longer sensitive to the effects of estrogen. Recent clinical studies suggest that greater responses occur when aromatase inhibitors are used as first line treatment. In the intratumoral aromatase mouse model, expression of aromatase in tumors is highly correlated with increased tumor growth. First line treatment with letrozole was effective in all animals treated and was more effective than tamoxifen in suppressing tumor growth. Letrozole was also effective in tumors failing to respond to tamoxifen, consistent with clinical findings. In addition, the duration of response was significantly longer with the aromatase inhibitor than with tamoxifen, suggesting that aromatase inhibitors may offer better control of tumor growth than this antiestrogen.     

Inhibition of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type II Suppresses Lung Carcinogenesis by Blocking Tumor COX-2 Expression as Well as the ERK and mTOR Signaling Pathways

Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death. Early diagnosis and prevention remain the best approach to reduce the overall morbidity and mortality. Experimental and clinical evidence have shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) derived prostaglandin E₂ (PGE2) contributes to lung tumorigenesis. COX-2 inhibitors suppress the development and progression of lung cancer. However, increased cardiovascular risks of COX-2 inhibitors limit their use in chemoprevention of lung cancers. Glucocorticoids are endogenous and potent COX-2 inhibitors, and their local actions are down-regulated by 11β–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (11ßHSD2)-mediated metabolism. We found that 11βHSD2 expression was increased in human lung cancers and experimental lung tumors. Inhibition of 11βHSD2 activity enhanced glucocorticoid-mediated COX-2 inhibition in human lung carcinoma cells. Furthermore, 11βHSD2 inhibition suppressed lung tumor growth and invasion in association with increased tissue active glucocorticoid levels, decreased COX-2 expression, inhibition of ERK and mTOR signaling pathways, increased tumor endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as increased lifespan. Therefore, 11βHSD2 inhibition represents a novel approach for lung cancer chemoprevention and therapy by increasing tumor glucocorticoid activity, which in turn selectively blocks local COX-2 activity and/or inhibits the ERK and mTOR signaling pathways.     

Expression of Ca(2+)-independent and Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipases A(2) and cyclooxygenases in human melanocytes and malignant melanoma cell lines

We provide novel evidence that human melanoma cell lines (M10, M14, SK-MEL28, SK-MEL93, 243MEL, 1074MEL, OCM-1, and COLO38) expressed, at mRNA and protein levels, either Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) or cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and its phosphorylated form. Normal human melanocytes contained the lowest levels of both PLA(2)s. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) were also expressed in cultured tumor cells as measured by Western blots. The most pronounced overexpression of iPLA(2) and COX-1 was found in two melanoma-derived cells, M14 and COLO38. Normal human melanocytes and the M10 melanoma cell line displayed no COX-2 expression. Using subcellular fractionation, Western blot and confocal microcopy analyses, in paradigmatic SK-MEL28 and SK-MEL93 cells we showed that iPLA(2), COX-1 and even cPLA(2) were equally located in the cytosol, membrane structures and perinuclear region while COX-2 was preferentially associated with the cytosol. Specific inhibitors of these three enzymes significantly reduced the basal proliferation rate either in melanocytes or in melanoma cell lines. These results, coupled with the inhibition of the cell proliferation by electroporation of melanoma cells with cPLA(2) or COX-2 antibodies, demonstrate that a possible correlation between PLA(2)-COX expression and tumor cell proliferation in the melanocytic system does exist. In addition, the high expression level of both PLA(2)s and COXs suggests that eicosanoids modulate cell proliferation and tumor invasiveness.     

Nicotine induces cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in association with tumor-associated invasion and angiogenesis in gastric cancer

Blockade of angiogenesis is a promising strategy to suppress tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which binds to tyrosine kinase receptors [VEGF receptors (VEGFR) 1 and 2], is the mediator of angiogenesis and mitogen for endothelial cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in the promoting action of nicotine on gastric cancer growth. However, the action of nicotine and the relationship between COX-2 and VEGF/VEGFR system in tumorigenesis remain undefined. In this study, the effects of nicotine in tumor angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis were studied with sponge implantation and Matrigel membrane models. Nicotine (200 microg/mL) stimulated gastric cancer cell proliferation, which was blocked by SC-236 (a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor) and CBO-P11 (a VEGFR inhibitor). This was associated with decreased VEGF levels as well as VEGFR-2 but not VEGFR-1 expression. Topical injection of nicotine enhanced tumor-associated vascularization, with a concomitant increase in VEGF levels in sponge implants. Again, application of SC-236 (2 mg/kg) and CBO-P11 (0.4 mg/kg) partially attenuated vascularization by approximately 30%. Furthermore, nicotine enhanced tumor cell invasion through the Matrigel membrane by 4-fold and promoted migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a cocultured system with gastric cancer cells. The activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and protein expressions of plasminogen activators (urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor), which are the indicators of invasion and migration processes, were increased by nicotine but blocked by COX-2 and VEGFR inhibitors. Taken together, our results reveal that the promoting action of nicotine on angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis is COX-2/VEGF/VEGFR dependent.     

Inhibiting Cycloxygenase and Ornithine Decarboxylase by Diclofenac and Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine Blocks Cutaneous SCCs by Targeting Akt-ERK Axis

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of skin cancer in Caucasian populations. Its increasing incidence has been a major public health concern. Elevated expressions of ODC and COX-2 are associated with both murine and human NMSCs. Inhibition of these molecular targets singly employing their respective small molecule inhibitors showed limited success. Here, we show that combined blockade of ODC and COX-2 using their potent inhibitors, DFMO and diclofenac respectively abrogates growth of A431 epidermal xenograft tumors in nu/nu mice by more than 90%. The tumor growth inhibition was associated with a diminution in the proliferation and enhancement in apoptosis. The proliferation markers such as PCNA and cyclin D1 were reduced. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells and cleaved caspase-3 were increased in the residual tumors. These agents also manifested direct target-unrelated effects. Reduced expression of phosphorylated MAPKAP-2, ERK, and Akt (ser⁴⁷³ & thr³⁰⁸) were noticed. The mechanism by which combined inhibition of ODC/COX attenuated tumor growth and invasion involved reduction in EMT. Akt activation by ODC+COX-2 over-expression was the key player in this regard as Akt inhibition manifested effects similar to those observed by the combined inhibition of ODC+COX-2 whereas forced over-expression of Akt resisted against DFMO+diclofenac treatment. These data suggest that ODC+COX-2 over-expression together leads to pathogenesis of aggressive and invasive cutaneous carcinomas by activating Akt signaling pathway, which through augmenting EMT contributes to tumor invasion.