凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin 研究进展

存活素(Survivin)是凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员之一,具有抑制细胞凋亡和调节细胞周期的双重功能,主要表达于胚胎和发育的胎儿组织中,高表达于大多数恶性肿瘤组织,而在终末分化成熟的正常成人组织中无表达或低表达.本文就Survivin的结构、作用机制、组织分布及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展作一综述.     

新的凋亡抑制因子Survivin的研究进展

Survivin是近年来发现的一种凋亡抑制因子,属于凋亡抑制蛋白（inhibitor of apoptosis proteins,IAP）家族的新成员;主要通过抑制caspase-3和caspase-7的活性而阻断细胞凋亡过程. Survivin选择性地表达于胚胎发育组织和大多数肿瘤组织,而正常成人终末分化组织中不表达. Survivin参与了细胞周期调控,与肿瘤的发生、发展和预后密切相关,可作为肿瘤治疗的新靶点.     

Survivin在口腔颌面部上皮性肿瘤中的研究进展

Survivin是近年发现的结构独特的凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员,具有抑制细胞凋亡、调节细胞有丝分裂的双重功能.Survivin具有肿瘤特异性,在正常成人组织中少见表达却高表达于多种肿瘤组织且与肿瘤细胞的浸润和病人的不良预后密切相关.本文对Surviviu的生物学功能及其与口腔颌面部上皮性肿瘤关系的研究进展进行综述.     

Survivin基因在肺癌中的作用

Survivin是凋亡蛋白抑制因子(inihibitor of apoptosis protein,IAP)家族中的一员,发挥强大的抑制凋亡功能,同时也参与细胞周期调控,使该基因在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用。Survivin基因特异性的表达于大多数常见的恶性肿瘤(如肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌等),而在正常成人组织中不表达或低表达。大量的研究涉及Survivin基因与肺癌的关系,目前的研究认为,Survivin基因可能成为一个提示预后不良的肿瘤标志物,可为肺癌的诊断提供新的方法。而且很多研究已经进入临床试验阶段,使得Survivin基因在肺癌治疗方面的应用前景广泛。随着研究的不断深入,Survivin有望成为肺癌治疗的理想靶点。本文对Survivin基因在肺癌中作用的研究进展作如下简要综述。     

Survivin的研究现状与RNA干扰在基因治疗中的进展

Survivin是新近发现的凋亡抑制蛋白,在正常组织中不表达而在恶性肿瘤中高表达,与肿瘤的预后、复发、转移关系密切,具有调控细胞周期,凋亡和增殖的作用;还与对化疗的耐药性和放疗的敏感性有关;此外,与肿瘤新生血管的形成关系也十分密切.针对Survivin这些特性,应用新的基因治疗技术-RNA干扰技术降低Survivin的表达可对肿瘤组织的凋亡和增殖产生影响,由于RNA干扰技术具有的高效性,特异性,长效性,使它成为肿瘤基因治疗的重要方法,应用RNA干扰技术针对Survivin靶位降低Survivin的表达有望成为今后肿瘤基因治疗的方向.     

靶向Survivin基因与肿瘤

Survivin基因不仅表达于绝大多数的肿瘤细胞中,也存在于人体正常的细胞中,它具有抑制凋亡和调节有丝分裂的双重作用．临床研究表明：下调Survivin基因的表达或者抑制Survivin蛋白的功能,可以降低肿瘤细胞的生长潜力、增加凋亡的比例,而且可以增强肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物和放射线的敏感性．许多抗肿瘤药物通过诱导细胞凋亡而发挥功能．但某些肿瘤表现出对它们的耐药性。导致肿瘤耐药性的一个最重要的因素就是Survivin的表达．有关细胞凋亡途径和Survivin基因表达等方面的研究可为发现和发展新型抗肿瘤药物提供新的途径．     

X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白的功能及其在肿瘤中的作用

X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis,XIAP）是目前发现的最具特征性与作用最强的内源性凋亡抑制蛋白质。XIAP特征性结构是其BIR结构域和RING结构域,它们都是XIAP发挥抗凋亡作用的重要结构。多种内源性抑制蛋白质（XAF1、Smac和Omi）能通过不同的方式抑制XIAP的抗凋亡作用。XIAP能直接抑制胱天蛋白酶凋亡途径的起始至持续阶段,通过直接结合胱天蛋白酶、激活NF-κB途径及其它信号途径等多种方式,参与抑制细胞凋亡的死亡受体途径和线粒体途径,对调控肿瘤细胞的生存和发展必不可少。XIAP在多种肿瘤组织中高表达。XIAP的高表达还与肿瘤的发生发展、耐药性、治疗及愈后密切相关。XIAP缺失会明显降低肿瘤细胞的成瘤性。同时,XIAP阻断多个信号通路汇集而成的细胞凋亡下游。因此,XIAP已成为临床上抗癌药物设计的一个新靶点。目前,临床上采用XIAP治疗肿瘤的3个方向为小分子抑制剂、反义寡核苷酸类抑制剂以及XIAP基因沉默。本文将从XIAP抗细胞凋亡的生物学功能及其在肿瘤疾病的发生发展、耐药性、治疗及预后中的作用作一介绍。     

橘络活性成分小分子果胶治疗非小细胞肺癌作用及机制研究北大核心CSCD

本文观察橘络活性成分小分子果胶在离体细胞水平及整体动物模型中对非小细胞肺癌的治疗作用并初步探索其作用机制。小分子果胶处理人非小细胞肺癌PC-9细胞72 h后,MTS法检测细胞活率,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;以PC-9细胞裸小鼠皮下移植瘤模型观察小分子果胶体内对肿瘤生长的抑制作用,免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织Ki67表达水平,TUNEL法检测组织中肿瘤细胞凋亡程度。结果表明小分子果胶(1.5~3 mg/m L)可显著抑制PC-9细胞增殖,与对照组相比细胞凋亡率显著升高,且具有浓度依赖性;小分子果胶(56.25 mg/kg)可显著抑制非小细胞肺癌小鼠体内肿瘤生长,肿瘤组织中细胞凋亡率显著升高。研究证明小分子果胶可显著抑制非小细胞肺癌小鼠体内肿瘤生长,该作用可能与小分子果胶抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

橘络活性成分小分子果胶治疗非小细胞肺癌作用及机制研究

本文观察橘络活性成分小分子果胶在离体细胞水平及整体动物模型中对非小细胞肺癌的治疗作用并初步探索其作用机制。小分子果胶处理人非小细胞肺癌PC-9细胞72 h后,MTS法检测细胞活率,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;以PC-9细胞裸小鼠皮下移植瘤模型观察小分子果胶体内对肿瘤生长的抑制作用,免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织Ki67表达水平,TUNEL法检测组织中肿瘤细胞凋亡程度。结果表明小分子果胶(1.5~3 mg/m L)可显著抑制PC-9细胞增殖,与对照组相比细胞凋亡率显著升高,且具有浓度依赖性;小分子果胶(56.25 mg/kg)可显著抑制非小细胞肺癌小鼠体内肿瘤生长,肿瘤组织中细胞凋亡率显著升高。研究证明小分子果胶可显著抑制非小细胞肺癌小鼠体内肿瘤生长,该作用可能与小分子果胶抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

肿瘤中与survivin有关的信号通路及分子以及靶向survivin的治疗前景

Survivin在细胞内环境稳定和肿瘤的形成中起重要的作用,在肿瘤的治疗中,survivivin的靶向治疗调节与一些典型的信号通路和一系列生长因子有关。众所周知,survivin是一个小的凋亡蛋白抑制因子,也是一个主要的抗癌靶标,与细胞分裂和凋亡抑制有关,它在大部分正常组织中缺失但在大部分癌组织中过表达。Survivin是一个与众多细胞信号通路有关的节点蛋白,这些通路协调各种细胞因子、转录网络和修饰基因,通过调节癌细胞内环境稳定直接或间接促进细胞增殖。临床前研究数据表明,survivin的抑制可以降低细胞增殖促进凋亡,增加细胞对细胞毒药物和放疗的敏感性,其过表达与不良预后和治疗耐受有关。因此对于癌症治疗,survivin是一个潜在的靶标。     

In situ assembly of enzyme inhibitors using extended tethering

Cysteine aspartyl protease-3 (caspase-3) is a mediator of apoptosis and a therapeutic target for a wide range of diseases. Using a dynamic combinatorial technology, 'extended tethering', we identified unique nonpeptidic inhibitors for this enzyme. Extended tethering allowed the identification of ligands that bind to discrete regions of caspase-3 and also helped direct the assembly of these ligands into small-molecule inhibitors. We first designed a small-molecule 'extender' that irreversibly alkylates the cysteine residue of caspase-3 and also contains a thiol group. The modified protein was then screened against a library of disulfide-containing small-molecule fragments. Mass-spectrometry was used to identify ligands that bind noncovalently to the protein and that also form a disulfide linkage with the extender. Linking the selected fragments with binding elements from the extenders generates reversible, tight-binding molecules that are druglike and distinct from known inhibitors. One molecule derived from this approach inhibited apoptosis in cells.     

Survivin regulates Plk1 localization to kinetochore in mouse oocyte meiosis

Survivin is a member of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and also belongs to be a member of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) which has multiple functions including inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of cell division and SAC activity. Plk1 (polo-like kinase 1) associates with the spindle poles and also distributes to the kinetochores and is shown to involve in spindle organization, APC/C activation and cytokinesis in many models. Our recent work has shown that Survivin is a critical regulator of chromosome segregation and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) in meiosis. In the present study, we found that Plk1 co-localized with Survivin at metaphase I (MI) and telophase I (TI) stage after GVBD. Plk1 dispersed into the oocyte cytoplasm or accumulated near the chromosomes after the depletion of Survivin by morpholino (MO) injection. Our results showed that the localization of Plk1 to kinetochores required the involvement of Survivin.     

Inhibition of CDK1 as a potential therapy for tumors over-expressing MYC

Tumor cells have a dysregulated cell cycle that may render their proliferation especially sensitive to the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), important regulators of cell cycle progression. We examined the effects of CDK1 inhibition in the context of different oncogenic signals. Cells transformed with MYC, but not cells transformed by a panel of other activated oncogenes, rapidly underwent apoptosis when treated with small-molecule CDK1 inhibitors. The inhibitor of apoptosis protein BIRC5 (survivin), a known CDK1 target, is required for the survival of cells overexpressing MYC. Inhibition of CDK1 rapidly downregulates survivin expression and induces MYC-dependent apoptosis. CDK1 inhibitor treatment of MYC-dependent mouse lymphoma and hepatoblastoma tumors decreased tumor growth and prolonged their survival. As there are no effective small-molecule inhibitors that selectively target the MYC pathway, we propose that CDK1 inhibition might therefore be useful in the treatment of human malignancies that overexpress MYC.     

Screening for caspase-3 inhibitors: a new class of potent small-molecule inhibitors of caspase-3

From the authors' 650,000 compound collection, they have selected approximately 15,000 potential small-molecule protease inhibitors, which were subjected to high-throughput screening against caspase-3. The screening yielded a series of hits that belong to 11 different scaffolds. Based on the structure of one of the hits, a new class of the small-molecule inhibitors with a double electrophilic warhead, 8-sulfonyl-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones (SPQ), was synthesized and tested in follow-up mechanistic and anti-apoptosis assays. Mechanistic analysis of a representative compound of this class, CD-001-0011, showed that the compound exhibited a high potency (IC (50)=130 nM), was reversible though noncompetitive, and had a broad selectivity profile to other caspases belonging to groups I to III. The compound was effective in preventing staurosporine induced apoptosis in a few cell lines and retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in zebrafish.     

Transient pockets on XIAP-BIR2: toward the characterization of putative binding sites of small-molecule XIAP inhibitors

Protein-protein interactions are abundant in signal transduction pathways and thus of crucial importance in the regulation of apoptosis. However, designing small-molecule inhibitors for these potential drug targets is very challenging as such proteins often lack well-defined binding pockets. An example for such an interaction is the binding of the anti-apoptotic BIR2 domain of XIAP to the pro-apoptotic caspase-3 that results in the survival of damaged cells. Although small-molecule inhibitors of this interaction have been identified, their exact binding sites on XIAP are not known as its crystal structures reveal no suitable pockets. Here, we apply our previously developed protocol for identifying transient binding pockets to XIAP-BIR2. Transient pockets were identified in snapshots taken during four different molecular dynamics simulations that started from the caspase-3:BIR2 complex or from the unbound BIR2 structure and used water or methanol as solvent. Clustering of these pockets revealed that surprisingly many pockets opened in the flexible linker region that is involved in caspase-3 binding. We docked three known inhibitors into these transient pockets and so determined five putative binding sites. In addition, by docking two inactive compounds of the same series, we show that this protocol is also able to distinguish between binders and nonbinders which was not possible when docking to the crystal structures. These findings represent a first step toward the understanding of the binding of small-molecule XIAP-BIR2 inhibitors on a molecular level and further highlight the importance of considering protein flexibility when designing small-molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors.     

Survivin as a target for new anticancer interventions

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, that has been implicated in both control of cell division and inhibition of apoptosis. Specifically, its anti-apoptotic function seems to be related to the ability to directly or indirectly inhibit caspases. Survivin is selectively expressed in the most common human neoplasms and appears to be involved in tumor cell resistance to some anticancer agents and ionizing radiation. On the basis of these findings survivin has been proposed as an attractive target for new anticancer interventions. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that down-regulation of survivin expression/function, accomplished through the use of antisense oligonucleotides, dominant negative mutants, ribozymes, small interfering RNAs and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, increased the apoptotic rate, reduced tumor-growth potential and sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs with different action mechanisms and gamma-irradiation in in vitro and in vivo models of different human tumor types.     

Targeting XIAP for the treatment of malignancy

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins family of caspase inhibitors that selectively binds and inhibits caspases-3, -7 and -9, but not caspase-8. As such, XIAP blocks a substantial portion of the apoptosis pathway and is an attractive target for novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy. Antisense oligonucleotides directed against XIAP are effective in vitro and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors that target the baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) 2 or BIR 3 domain are in preclinical development and are advancing toward the clinic. This review will discuss the progress being made in developing antisense and small-molecule XIAP inhibitors.     

The case for Survivin as mitotic regulator

Survivin has been proposed to inhibit apoptosis and to regulate cell division. However, controversy still exists as to whether Survivin can indeed execute these distinct functions and if Survivin somehow coordinates apoptosis and (abnormal) cell division. Recent evidence has demonstrated that Survivin acts as a subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex, which is essential for proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Within this complex, the mitotic kinase Aurora B acts as the enzymatic core, whereas Survivin dictates chromosomal passenger complex localization. This function of Survivin appears to be conserved throughout evolution. Although these findings do not exclude a role for Survivin as apoptosis inhibitor, they make a very strong case for Survivin as mitotic regulator.     

Direct interaction between survivin and Smac/DIABLO is essential for the anti-apoptotic activity of survivin during taxol-induced apoptosis

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that has been implicated in both apoptosis inhibition and cell cycle control. However, its inhibitory mechanism and subcellular localization remain controversial. In this report, we provided evidence for the first time that Survivin physically interacts with Smac/DIABLO both in vitro and in vivo. A point mutation (D71R) in the baculovirus IAP repeat motif and a C-terminal deletion mutant (Surv-BIR) of Survivin fail to bind to Smac/DIABLO and abrogate its ability to inhibit apoptosis. The N-terminal of mature Smac/DIABLO is absolutely required for Survivin.Smac complex formation. Subcellular distributions of Survivin and Smac/DIABLO showed that they co-localized within the cytosol during interphase. In addition, Survivin was found to be incapable of binding to caspase. We also identified that the co-presence of Smac/DIABLO and XIAP was required for Survivin to inhibit caspase cleavage in a cell-free system. In conclusion, our results provide the first evidence that the interaction between Smac/DIABLO and Survivin is an essential step underling the inhibition of apoptosis induced by Taxol.     

Developmental expression of survivin during embryonic submandibular salivary gland development

Background  

The regulation of programmed cell death is critical to developmental homeostasis and normal morphogenesis of embryonic tissues. Survivin, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family primarily expressed in embryonic cells, is both an anti-apoptosis and a pro-survival factor. Since our previous studies have demonstrated the importance of apoptosis during embryonic submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development, we postulated that survivin is a likely mediator of SMG epithelial cell survival.