大洲岛珊瑚礁海域水质状况分析与评价

通过2013 年3 月、6 月、9 月、12 月对大洲岛近岸海域的水温、盐度、透明度、pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、DIP、无机氮(DIN)进行了测定, 应用单因子污染指数, 富营养化指数, 有机污染指数和单因素方差分析进行了该海域分析和评价。结果表明, 大洲岛海域前港、湾内、后港均有利于珊瑚的生长、繁殖。风向季节性转移引起的人为活动规律的变化和研究区珊瑚覆盖率的高低对大洲岛各研究区水质相互之间均不存在显著差异性影响, 春季为大洲岛珊瑚礁海域污染最为严重的季节, 夏季次之, 秋冬两季水质较好, DIN 为主要污染物,过多的DIN 不应被视为可以导致海水的富营养化条件。珊瑚月平均增长覆盖率与COD、DIP、DIN 存在显著负相关性, 适宜珊瑚生长和繁殖的水质应为国家二类水质以上。     

广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区水质特征及其富营养化研究

2013 年8 月广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区水质监测结果表明, 整个保护区近岸水域溶解无机氮(DIN)显示过剩, 但溶解无机磷(DIP)表现低磷特征, 高的N/P 比值使得P 可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制性因子。单因子污染指数显示, DIN 和石油类是主要的超标污染因子, COD 次之。有机污染指数显示, 近期整个广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区近岸水质污染程度达到1 级, 水质较好, 但局部海区开始受到轻度污染。富营养化指数结果表明, 广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区近岸水域总体达到轻度富营养程度, 不同区域富营养程度不同。COD 对富营养化的贡献率范围为42.8%-76.7%, 平均值为(64.3±9.6)%, COD 是影响广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区近岸水域富营养化的重要因素。陆源污染物排放、水产养殖排污和船舶排污是广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区近岸海域的主要污染来源。     

近15年长江口海域海洋生物变化趋势及健康状况评价

对近15年（2004-2018年）长江口海域海洋生物变化趋势进行分析，评价海洋生物健康状况，并对陆源污染物排放与海洋生物变化进行相关性分析。结果表明，（1）长江口海域海洋生物群落结构组成发生了一定变化，与20世纪90年代末相比，浮游植物种类数有所减少，浮游动物、底栖生物种类数有所增加。浮游植物以硅藻为主，但甲藻占比有所增加，2010年以来硅藻、甲藻群落结构进入新的平衡状态；浮游动物以节肢动物为主，主要类群桡足类占比有所下降；底栖生物种类数明显升高。（2）生物多样性总体水平一般，浮游植物多样性指数总体较低，第一优势种的优势度较高；浮游动物多样性指数和丰富度指数多年呈现下降趋势；底栖生物多样性水平一般，优势种渐趋单一。（3）海洋生物总体处于"不健康"状态，主要影响指标为浮游植物密度偏高，浮游动物密度偏低、生物量偏高，底栖动物密度偏高、生物量偏低。生态系统变化与陆源主要污染物排放、营养结构变化及水体富营养化均具有一定的相关性，其中无机氮（DIN）、石油类入海通量与生物健康指数呈显著负相关关系（P < 0.05），无机磷（DIP）与底栖生物生物量呈显著负相关关系。N/P与浮游植物丰度呈显著负相关，但与浮游植物均匀度和多样性指数呈显著正相关；Si/N与浮游植物多样性指数呈显著负相关。海域严重富营养化面积比例与硅藻甲藻种类数比值呈显著正相关关系。     

洞头海域网采浮游植物的月际变化

通过2010年8月至2011年7月对洞头海域网采浮游植物的逐月调查,共鉴定出浮游植物5门187种,主要由硅藻(143种)和甲藻(40种)组成,金藻、绿藻和蓝藻偶有检出。全年共发现20种优势种,其中硅藻16种,甲藻3种,蓝藻1种。浮游植物丰度、种类数、Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)月变化均较大。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,影响浮游植物群落的主要因子为溶解硅(DSi)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、氮磷比(N∶P)、溶解无机磷(DIP)、硅磷比(Si∶P)、盐度和温度。台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流和瓯江径流也是影响本海域浮游植物变化的重要因素:6—9月,台湾暖流影响较大,调查海域外海暖水性种类增多;其他各月闽浙沿岸流和瓯江径流影响较大,调查海域既有近岸低盐种类,也有半咸水、淡水种类。结合历史数据分析表明,近30年来洞头海域营养盐结构已经发生较大变化,表现为硝酸盐浓度急剧升高,由1981—1982年的12.89μmol/L升至2010—2011年的52.63μmol/L,N∶P由19.1∶1升至51.8∶1。同时浮游植物群落也有较大改变,表现为浮游植物细胞丰度的增加(由5.8×105个/m3上升至39.2×106个/m3)和优势种的更替(由圆筛藻Coscinodiscus spp.向骨条藻Skeletonema spp.演替)。     

涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐及浮游植物群落组成分析

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是近年来北部湾常见的有害藻华原因种,涠洲岛海域作为广西沿海藻华的高发区之一,目前仍缺乏关于该海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程的相关研究。为探究涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐的状况及藻华的发生对浮游植物群落组成的影响,对2017年3月下旬涠洲岛周边发生的球形棕囊藻藻华区域进行取样调查。结果表明,藻华期间水体中溶解有机磷含量与细胞及囊体密度呈显著正相关。本次藻华主要受水体中溶解态无机氮含量影响,多个调查站点的无机氮/无机磷(DIN/DIP)<10,且硅酸盐/无机氮(SiO₃^2–/DIN)>1,表明这些站点存在氮限制现象,而氮限制可能是本次藻华消亡的主要因素。调查区域共鉴定出浮游植物4门58种,球形棕囊藻细胞密度最高可达1.04×10⁸ cells/L,占浮游植物总细胞密度的98.28%。球形棕囊藻细胞密度与物种多样性指数存在显著的负相关关系。在营养缺乏条件下,有利于球形棕囊藻成囊的链状硅藻种类具有相对较大的细胞密度。     

瓯江口春季营养盐、浮游植物和浮游动物的分布

研究2007年4月瓯江口海域(27°38′～28°02′N、120°50′～121°14′E)浮游生物空间分布特征,分析这一分布特征与营养盐和其他水文要素之间的联系.结果表明,悬浮物浓度、DIP和DIN分布特征均是近河口最高,由近河口向外数量逐渐减少.在灵昆岛南侧和东南侧近口门水域,是DIP和DIN的高值中心,但该水域高浓度悬沙使水体透光率较低,不利于浮游植物生长.在口门外侧海域,悬沙浓度已经明显降低,因而是浮游植物高密度区域.浮游植物和浮游动物丰度分布趋势基本相同,由内海向外海数量逐渐递减;其中,大型浮游动物丰度和浮游植物丰度,小型浮游动物丰度和浮游植物丰度之间显著地呈线性正相关关系.这一特征的形成,主要由瓯江口营养盐和悬浮物分布特征决定,浮游动物与浮游植物空间分布的一致性,很好地反映出浮游动物对浮游植物有效的下行控制,从而使水域生态系统在此季节保持稳定.     

一次陆源降雨污水引起血红哈卡藻赤潮的成因

以2007年烟台四十里湾海域血红哈卡藻(Akashiwo sanguinea Hirasaka)赤潮为对象,研究赤潮消长与水环境因子的关系。研究发现大量陆源降雨污水输入后,海水盐度急剧下降、营养盐大幅增加,特别是活性磷酸盐浓度明显增加,促进了血红哈卡藻的生长繁殖并最终形成赤潮。赤潮发生前海区第一优势种为尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Halse),优势度0.47(0.42—0.52),多样性指数2.63(2.43—2.89);赤潮发生时血红哈卡藻密度范围1.05×105—4.10×106个/L,优势度0.92(0.83—0.99),多样性指数0.27(0.15—0.64);赤潮消退后中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum Cleve)为第一优势种,优势度0.49(0.43—0.55),多样性指数2.46(2.19—2.84)。赤潮的发生、发展、消亡与化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、富营养化指数(E)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与盐度呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。赤潮前、后该海域为贫营养、P限制、叶绿素a含量中等,赤潮期间该海域为富营养、P限制、叶绿素a含量高。通过影响力评定,活性磷酸盐、COD、盐度是此次赤潮发生的主要诱发因子,当活性磷酸盐含量低于0.3μmol/L时,硅藻逐渐取代甲藻,此次赤潮消散。     

茅尾海营养状况及其来源研究

根据2008年茅尾海海域水质调查结果,采用营养指数法、营养状态质量指数法、有机污染指数法对海湾营养状况进行了评价,并结合2007年入海污染源调查结果,探讨了茅尾海的营养盐来源。结果表明:茅尾海受无机氮污染较重,海域处于呈富营养状态,有机污染程度属2级,表明开始受到有机污染。营养盐高值区集中在北部海域和东部海域。钦江、茅岭江等入海河流携带入海的营养盐是海域营养的主要来源,占入海污染物总量的79%以上,其次来自钦州湾外海的混合排污口。2001~2007年茅尾海DIN、DIP年均浓度分别与入海河流氮、磷营养盐入海负荷呈显著正相关,两者的相关系数分别为0.873和0.824。     

启东海域水质营养状况及其与陆域农村水环境质量的关系

根据启东近岸海域2003—2009年7个站点的监测数据,研究了该海域的水质营养状况,并初步分析了与相邻陆域农村水环境质量的关系。结果表明:除平台站点之外,多数站点的COD、DIN、DIP和DO有增加的趋势;仅平台站点在2003年未富营养化,其他6站点都处于富营养状态,在2007年富营养化指数达到最高值,其后逐年显著降低;2003—2009年重污染海域比例达到4.1%,在2007和2008年是污染较为严重的年份;富营养化指数与综合标准指数之间存在显著的正线性相关;相对于城市工业生产生活排放,启东近岸陆域农村水环境质量变化和长江径流对近岸水质营养状况的影响较小。     

渤海中部营养盐赋存形态季节变化及其对营养盐库的影响

根据2013年7月(夏季),11月(秋季)和2014年5月(春季)渤海中部氮、磷、硅营养盐库各赋存形态数据以及温度、盐度等水文数据,分析海域不同季节各营养盐库以及相互间转化规律。结果表明:调查海域受陆源输入、吸收转化、扰动混合以及分解释放等因素影响,各营养盐库含量及其组分迁移转化呈现明显的季节特征,春夏高生产力季节为无机态向有机态和颗粒态转化期,秋季为有机态和颗粒态溶解分解释放期。夏季氮磷营养盐库含量分别为(37.43±10.09)μmol/L和(0.73±0.19)μmol/L,且以溶解有机态为主要赋存形态。秋季各营养盐库以及无机态组分含量受扰动以及分解释放影响均明显增加,而溶解有机态和颗粒态组分降低,其中颗粒氮(PN, particulate nitrogen)含量为(1.78±1.05)μmol/L,降幅66%;溶解有机磷(DOP, dissolved organic phosphorus)含量为(0.13±0.06)μmol/L,降幅66%;而溶解无机磷(DIP, dissolved inorganic phosphorus)为(0.54±0.20)μmol/L,升高10.8倍。春季各营养盐库组分变化明显,其中溶解无机氮(DIN, dissolved inorganic nitrogen)、DIP和活性硅酸盐(SiO_3, reactive silicate)受浮游植物吸收转化影响,含量较秋季分别降幅45%、89%和85%, DON受秋冬季分解影响,含量降低36%。而PN和DOP增加明显,分别增高27%和1.6倍。调查海域各赋存形态营养盐比值表明,无机态营养盐比值均远离Redfield比值,对海域内硅藻的优势种地位产生影响。而各有机态以及颗粒态组分比值显示相比较氮,DOP、颗粒态磷(PP, particulate phosphorus)和硅在秋冬季低生产力季节更易受到扰动和分解释放影响,对于缓解海域内磷硅限制状况具有重要作用。     

胶州湾湿地海域水体和表层沉积物环境质量评价

基于2009年对胶州湾湿地48个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对胶州湾湿地水体和表层沉积物环境质量现状进行了评价.结果表明:对参与评价的pH值、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、CODMn、石油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、六六六、滴滴涕、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等16项指标而言,各调查月份大沽河感潮河段水质处于中污染-重污染水平,潮间带区域水质处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域水质处于轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地不同区域富营养化程度差异明显,其中大沽河感潮河段水体EI值在58.13 ～327.89,富营养化程度严重;潮间带区域水体EI值在1.34 ～19.96,富营养化程度较为严重;浅海区域水体EI值在0.65 ～ 2.10,富营养化程度较轻.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物质量基本处于轻污染水平,其中大沽河感潮河段处于轻污染水平,潮间带区域处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域处于较清洁-轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物中重金属单项污染参数(Cfi)和污染程度指数(Cd)较低,污染程度处于低级水平,Cu、Zn是表层沉积物中的主要污染因子;重金属潜在的生态危害系数(Eir)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)较小,污染程度属于低生态危害范畴.     

The C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton determines the relative amounts of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus released during aerobic decomposition

Three phytoplankton assemblages, with different C:N:P ratios of 314:55:1, 103:17:1, and 57:5.5:1 (by weight), were prepared by growing lake phytoplankton in artificial media with different N:P supply ratios and then decomposed under aerobic conditions for three months.There was no net release of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with an abundant liberation of DIP from that with the lowest C:N:P ratio. On the other hand, there was an abundant release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with little or virtually no release of DIN from those with lower C:N:P ratios. Thus, it was concluded that the C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton is an important parameter to determine the relative amounts of DIP and DIN released, when they are decomposed under aerobic conditions.Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).     

广州海域环境质量评价

根据2003年8月至2004年8月的水质调查数据,运用水质质量单项标准指数法、综合指数WQI法和富营养化评价法,对广州海域环境质量进行评价.结果表明,广州海域主要污染物质为DIN、PO₄^3--P、油类、Cu和Pb,其年平均浓度分别为1.87 mg·L^-1、0.049 mg·L^-1、0.107 mg·L^-1、6.07 μg·L^-1和1.43 μg·L^-1.其中,DIN的污染情况最严重,所有监测站位DIN含量均超过四类海水水质标准,其平面分布呈现从湾内向湾外递减的特征.受珠江径流和陆源排污等的影响,广州海域大部分处于重度污染,且严重富营养化,其单项污染指数、综合污染指数和富营养化指数的平均值分别为2.22、6.80和48.44,表现为从湾内向湾外递减的趋势,高值区均出现在黄埔港至狮子洋海域.     

不同底栖生物指数在福建省近岸海域的适用性

将3个底栖生物指数AZTI海洋生物指数(AMBI)、多毛类机会种和端足目动物指数(BOPA)、底栖动物多毛类和端足目指数(BPA)和Shannon多样性指数(H)应用于福建省近岸海域4个典型海湾和1个河口的生态质量评价,评估这4个指数在研究区的适用性.结果表明: 4个指数的评价结果差异较大,评价等级完全相同的站位仅有4个,占总评价站数的8.7%;AMBI将76.1%的站位评价为等级“良”,BOPA将89.1%的站位评价为等级“优”,BPA和H的评价结果等级梯度变化明显;对于海湾,BOPA、BPA和AMBI与营养盐因子活性磷酸盐(DIP)和无机氮(DIN)无显著相关性,不能响应研究区的富营养化压力;而H与DIN呈显著负相关.对于河口,BOPA、BPA和AMBI与DIP和DIN均呈显著正相关,且随着与入海口距离的减小,7个断面生态质量评价等级没有明显变化,不能识别河口高强度的富营养化压力,评价结果偏高;而H与DIN呈显著负相关,且随着与入海口距离的减小,7个断面生态质量评价等级呈现提高的趋势.总体上,BOPA、BPA和AMBI在福建近岸海域的适用性较低,而H更合适该研究区,能够响应研究区主要的环境压力.     

Preliminary studies on eutrophication and red tide problems in Bohai Bay

A study was carried out in 1978–1981 on the relationship between eutrophication and the occurrence of red tides in Bohai Bay.An assessment method using a single parameter as well as the multiparameter Trophic State Index was adopted. DIN, DIP, COD loadings and concentrations and phytoplankton community (species composition, diversity index, standing crop, chlorophyll a and primary productivity) were used as parameters. The western part of the bay and two sewage outfall sites showed the highest values of chlorophyll a, nitrate, phosphate, standing crop, primary productivity and the greatest population instability. Therefore, Bohai Bay, can be regarded as mesotrophic, but its estuary eutrophic. Anthropogenic factors are mainly responsible for its eutrophication. A relationship between environmental factors and red tide species was found. Noctiluca miliaris, Prorocentrum minimum and Skeletonema costatum have their bloom periods from July to September and are the most significant species.     

Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers

The concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved nitrate-N, Total-N (TN), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved silicate-Si (DSi) and their ratios in the world's largest rivers are examined using a global data base that includes 37% of the earth's watershed area and half its population. These data were compared to water quality in 42 subbasins of the relatively well-monitored Mississippi River basin (MRB) and of 82 small watersheds of the United States. The average total nitrogen concentration varies over three orders of magnitude among both world river watersheds and the MRB, and is primarily dependent on variations in dissolved nitrate concentration, rather than particulate or dissolved organic matter or ammonium. There is also a direct relationship between the DIN:DIP ratio and nitrate concentration. When nitrate-N exceeds 100 g-at l^–1, the DIN:DIP ratio is generally above the Redfield ratio (16:1), which implies phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth. Compared to nitrate, the among river variation in the DSi concentration is relatively small so that the DSi loading (mass/area/time) is largely controlled by runoff volume. The well-documented influence of human activities on dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading thus exceeds the influences arising from the great variability in soil types, climate and geography among these watersheds. The DSi:nitrate-N ratio is controlled primarily by nitrogen loading and is shown to be inversely correlated with an index of landscape development – the City Lights nighttime imagery. Increased nitrogen loading is thus driving the world's largest rivers towards a higher DIN:DIP ratio and a lower DSi:DIN ratio. About 7.3 and 21 % of the world's population lives in watersheds with a DSi:nitrate-N ratio near a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio, respectively. The empirical evidence is that this percentage will increase with further economic development. When the DSi:nitrate-N atomic ratio is near 1:1, aquatic food webs leading from diatoms (which require silicate) to fish may be compromised and the frequency or size of harmful or noxious algal blooms may increase. Used together, the DSi:nitrate-N ratio and nitrate-N concentration are useful and robust comparative indicators of eutrophication in large rivers. Finally, we estimate the riverine loading to the ocean for nitrate-N, TN, DIP, TP and DSi to be 16.2, 21, 2.6, 3.7 to 5.6, and 194 Tg yr^–1, respectively.     

三门湾健跳港网箱养殖区浮游生物多样性的夏季调查

调查了三门湾健跳港海水养殖区夏季浮游生物的种类组成、密度和多样性指数,并将浮游生物群落指标与水质理化因子进行相关分析。共发现浮游生物29种,其中浮游植物14种,第一优势种为中勒骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum);浮游动物15种,第一优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)。表层浮游植物的平均密度为43 328ind·L^-1,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为0.826;浮游动物平均密度为389ind.m^-3,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为2.964。相关分析结果表明:无机氮、无机磷促使了浮游植物大量繁殖,并使浮游动物多样性指数提高。网箱养鱼区水体富营养化指数与浮游植物多样性指数之间有一定的正相关关系,与浮游动物多样性指数之间呈显著的正相关关系。     

Eutrophication assessment and bioremediation strategy in a marine fish cage culture area in Nansha Bay,China

On the basis of field data measured during four cruises from January to November 2007, variations in the characteristics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were analyzed in Nansha marine fish cage culture area, Ningbo City, China. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was selected as the parameter to balance seaweed absorption and fish DIN production. The contents of DIN and phosphate varied with different seasons, and eutrophication index (E) value ranged from 2.41 to 15.99, indicating serious eutrophication conditions; the annual average value of N/P of 32.95 indicates a nitrogen surplus in this system. The eutrophication condition in Nansha Bay was mainly caused by the fish cage culture activities. Based on their biological characteristics, Laminaria and Gracilaria were selected as the bioremediation species in winter and spring and summer and autumn, respectively. The optimal co-cultivation proportion of fish cage to Laminaria and Gracilaria in this bay was 1 cage, 450 m² and one cage, 690 m², respectively.     

Degrading seagrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Posidonia oceanica</Emphasis>) ecosystems: a source of dissolved matter in the Mediterranean

Diurnal variation of dissolved oxygen (DO), organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC), nitrogen (DON, DIN), and phosphorus (DOP, DIP) flux across the sediment–water interface was assessed in fish farm impacted and pristine seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows in the Aegean Sea (Greece). DIC consumption decreased by 52% and DO production decreased by 60% in the light, suggesting reduced photosynthetic performance of the plant community under the fish cages probably due to organic matter loading. In light there was 4 and 15 times higher release of dissolved inorganic and organic matter, respectively, compared to dark incubations under the cages, indicating that fish farming impact is more intense during daytime. DO was taken up, while DIC was released in the dark in both stations, representing a direct measure of mineralization. Dissolved inorganic matter flux (as the sum of DIN and DIP fluxes) was positively related to DIC flux, rendering mineralization as the main driver of nutrient flux under the cages. On average, the impacted meadow released DIN and DIP both in light and dark, while efflux of dissolved organic matter (as the sum of DOC, DON, and DOP fluxes) increased by 132% in the light and by 21% in the dark, implying that the degrading seagrass meadow is a source of dissolved matter to the surrounding water. Shoot density and leaf production were negatively correlated with both diel DIN and DIP fluxes, showing that meadow regression is accompanied by DIN and DIP release from the sediment. Hence, nutrient efflux can adequately illustrate meadow deterioration and, therefore, can be used as indicator of P. oceanica community health.