广东大亚湾西南部海域营养盐结构的长期变化

分析了大亚湾西南部海域1982～2002年营养盐结构的长期变化。水域中溶解无机氮(DIN)的含量呈上升趋势,磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)含量从80年代初到90年代末逐年下降,2000年后有所恢复,硅酸盐(SiO₃^2-)的含量波动较大,但平均维持在20μmol·L^-1的较高水平上。各营养盐浓度比值的长期变化表现为氮磷比上升,硅氮比下降,硅磷比稳中有升。结合营养盐浓度及其比值的变化,可以认为大亚湾西南部海域中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制因子已经由过去的氮限制转变为磷限制;各营养盐的浓度及其比值在各季度的分布表明,浮游植物的生长春季和冬季受到氮限制的可能性较大,而夏季和秋季受磷限制的可能性较大;在营养盐的平面分布上,大鹏澳内DIN高于澳外水域,而PO₄^3-自1997年后低于澳外水域。     

长江口邻近海域营养盐分布特征及其控制过程的初步研究

利用1997年秋季和1998年春季对长江口邻近海域两个航次的调查结果,对该海域营养盐分布、结构特征以及其主要控制过程进行了探讨．结果表明,该海域的营养盐分布及结构具有明显的季节变化,秋季海水中NO3--N、SiO3^2-．SiSiO3^2-,Si及PO4^3--P,DOP、PP均高于春季,平均含量分别为4．97、11．6、0．44、0．26、0．82μmol·L-1,而春季则是NO2--N、NH4+-N、DON、PN含量高,平均含量分别为0．70、2．26、9．88、7．88μmol·L-·PP(54％)和PO4^3--P(51％)分别为秋季和春季磷的主要形态,两个季节氮结构基本一致,均以DON和PN为主．除春季PO4^3--P外,营养盐受长江冲淡水等陆源输入的影响而呈现近岸含量较高,溶解无机氮秋季以NO3^- -N为主而春季则以NH4^+-N为主,秋季PO4^3- -P同时来源于长江冲淡水和台湾暖流．而春季则主要来源于台湾暖流．显示出春季台湾暖流对调查海区的影响程度大于秋季．     

海水中沙海蜇消亡对水体碳、氮、磷的释放与补充

水母暴发频率在中国海域逐渐增加,暴发后的消亡对海洋生态环境有重大影响.本试验通过对沙海蜇消亡进行模拟,研究了水母消亡过程中碳、氮、磷的释放特征.结果表明:水母消亡是一个快速的生源要素释放过程,水母消亡时碳、氮、磷的释放速率与浓度均在消亡初期达到最大.水母消亡释放的溶解态物质远高于颗粒态.其中,溶解态有机碳与颗粒态有机碳的最大净释放速率分别为(103.77±12.60)与(1.52±0.37)mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).整个消亡过程中溶解态氮主要为NH_4~+-N,约占总溶解氮的69.6%-91.6%;消亡初期,溶解态磷主要以溶解有机磷为主约占总溶解磷的63.9%-86.7%,消亡后期则主要为PO_4~(3-)-P,约占50.4%-60.2%.相反颗粒态氮则主要以颗粒有机氮为主,占总颗粒氮的(88.6±6.9)%,颗粒态磷则以颗粒无机磷为主,占总颗粒磷的(73.9±10.5)%.总体上,水母消亡释放的生源要素量为碳氮磷.同时,水母消亡使水体中C/N降低,N/P升高,表明水母消亡可导致水体相对的高碳、高氮负荷.     

东海赤潮高发区沉积物中营养盐再生速率的研究

2001年5月和2002年5月在东海赤潮高发区的4个站位(E4、E5、DB6、DCl0)对沉积物表面分别充氮气和空气进行培养,研究沉积物．水界面营养盐交换通量在不同条件下的变化规律,以及该海域沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的贡献．结果表明,各溶解态营养盐在还原条件下的迁移较为活跃．在距离陆地较近的海域,营养盐一般由水向沉积物中扩散,且距陆地越近,交换通量越大;而在上升流区,营养盐多由沉积物中向水中扩散．东海赤潮高发区沉积物是SiO3^2-的源,对初级生产力的贡献占6％．同时,东海赤潮高发区沉积物是氮、磷营养盐蓄积库．该海域沉积物每年从水体中吸附的DIN、PO4^3-分别占长江输入的5．9％、67％,沉积物一水界面对水体中SiO3^2-的贡献占7．8％．       

珠江口及毗邻海域营养盐对浮游植物生长的影响

基于2006年7月(夏季),10月(秋季)和2007年3月(春季)的现场调查数据,对珠江口及毗邻海域中的营养盐和叶绿素a等环境生态因子的时空分布特性进行了对比分析,研究了氮磷比与叶绿素a含量和种群多样性之间的联系,探讨了该海域营养盐对于浮游植物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)研究海域营养盐表现出较强的季节和空间差异性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均值春季(1.545 mg/L、0.056 mg/L)和夏季(1.570 mg/L、0.058 mg/L)均大于秋季(1.442 mg/L、0.034 mg/L),且春夏季浓度空间差异更明显。(2)调查期间海域营养盐含量超标现象突出,夏季尤为明显。无机氮(DIN)总体均值0.99 mg/L,超四类海水标准限值1倍,活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)总体均值0.021 mg/L,DIN∶PO4-P平均值为130;叶绿素a浓度与营养盐、p H、温度有较显著的相关性。(3)叶绿素a浓度较高的站位,具有较高的DIN∶PO4-P值,但浮游植物多样性指数偏低,优势种明显,主要为中肋骨条藻。氮磷比的改变会影响不同生长特性的浮游植物间的竞争和种群结构的改变;今后海洋污染治理中,在控制氮、磷污染时要注意氮磷比的改变可能造成的浮游生态影响。     

温度和光照强度对海藻场瓦氏马尾藻碎屑分解的影响

通过气候培养箱在室内模拟不同光照强度及温度条件,测定海藻场瓦氏马尾藻碎屑(简称海藻碎屑)分解速率变化及海藻碎屑对海藻场海域无机营养盐贡献度,旨在为探究大型海藻碎屑的生态服务效能提供科学依据。结果表明:海藻碎屑剩余物质干重和分解速率受温度影响不显著(P0.05),而光照强度影响显著(P0.05);不同温度、光强条件下,海藻碎屑质量损失率在2个月的实验周期内皆大于60%,且温度25.15℃、光强3200 lx条件更有利于海藻碎屑分解;温度对海藻碎屑分解释放氮磷营养盐影响不显著(P0.05);在同一温度(25.15℃)条件下,有无光照条件对水体铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮营养盐浓度变化影响不显著(P0.05),但对正磷酸盐浓度影响显著(P0.05);光照强度对水体内铵态氮和正磷酸盐浓度变化具有显著影响(P0.05),对硝态氮和亚硝态氮浓度变化影响不显著(P0.05);根据海藻场瓦氏马尾藻碎屑量估算出对现场海域水体溶解无机氮累积贡献量为4.597~17.321 mg·L~(-1),溶解无机磷累积贡献27.989~76.304 mg·L~(-1)。研究表明,不同温度条件下,瓦氏马尾藻碎屑分解释放铵态氮和正磷酸盐的量大于硝态氮和亚硝态氮,温度越高越利于铵态氮释放,而正磷酸盐则更利于在低温下分解释放;随光照强度的升高,氮磷营养盐释放趋势相反,正磷酸盐释放量随光照强度增大而受到抑制。     

汕头南澳-东山海域营养盐季节分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的潜在性限制

【摘要】营养盐是水体初级生产力和渔业资源产出的重要限制性因子。2015-2017年在汕头南澳和福建东山之间的海域设置了14个采样点, 分四个季节监测了该海域温盐和营养盐的空间分布特征。结果表明, 调查海域北部陆源径流输入是营养盐空间分布产生差异的最重要因子, 以溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性硅酸盐(DSi)受影响最为明显, 春季和夏季受径流营养盐输入的影响最大, 冬季受影响最小。南澳-东山海域的DIN、溶解无机磷(DIP)和DSi的浓度在表层周年平均分别为9.21、0.46和25.5 μmol·L–1, 底层分别为8.96、0.50和22.5 μmol·L–1。各营养盐的浓度基本表现为由西北近海向东南远海递减, 季节平均值表现为冬季>春季>夏季>秋季。冬季受闽浙沿岸流南下入侵的影响, 营养盐呈现出全年最高浓度, 表层平均DIN浓度是其他季节的三倍以上。春夏秋冬四个季节表层平均DIN/DIP比分别为24.3, 38.8, 6.7和24, 底层平均分别为15.4, 31.1, 9.6和23.6, 秋季水体的DIN/DIP比明显低于其他几个季节。总的来看, 南澳-东山海域的营养盐限制在不同季节变动较大: 春季近岸表现为相对磷限制, 远岸水体则表现为相对氮限制; 夏季和冬季都主要表现为磷的相对限制, 部分远海海域在夏季甚至出现磷的绝对限制; 秋季则主要表现为氮的相对限制。本研究系统阐述了南澳-东山海域营养盐限制的季节演替规律及变化机制, 为该海域生态环境管理和渔业增养殖规划提供基础数据。     

胶州湾夏秋季大气湿沉降中的营养盐及其入海的生态效应

为揭示大气湿沉降对胶州湾营养盐的输送通量及其生态效应,分别于2015年6—8月(夏季)、9—11月(秋季)采集胶州湾降水样品,测定了降水中不同形态N、P、Si的浓度。结果表明,降水中不同形态营养盐的浓度变化较大,且均与降水量呈负相关关系,其中NH4-N和NO3-N的浓度较高,溶解有机氮(DON)占溶解态总氮(DTN)含量的25.9%,而NO_2-N,PO_4-P和SiO_3-Si的浓度均很低。溶解无机氮(DIN)、DON、PO_4-P以及SiO_3-Si的湿沉降通量分别为141.7、61.87、0.35 mmol m~(-2)a~(-1)和0.12 mmol m~(-2)a~(-1)。受降水量和营养物质来源制约,各项营养盐湿沉降通量时间变化显著。农业活动导致的无机氮排放构成了胶州湾湿沉降DIN的主要来源。大气湿沉降DIN、DON、PO_4-P和SiO_3-Si分别占胶州湾总输入负荷的9.04%、10.24%、0.57%和0.17%,湿沉降输入的PO_4-P在夏、秋季分别可以支持0.575 mgC m~2d~(-1)和1.42 mg C m~2d~(-1)的新生产力;雨水中DIN/P比值高达1 617,突发性强降雨带来的营养盐输入会加剧表层水体的P限制和Si限制,对胶州湾浮游植物群落结构和粒级结构产生重要影响。大气湿沉降是胶州湾生源要素生物地球化学过程的重要一环,对营养物质收支的贡献及可能引发的生态效应不容忽视。     

水华初期蓝藻颗粒有机物在不同菌群作用下分解释放营养盐的过程研究

蓝藻水华为富营养化湖泊制造了大量有机物,这些藻源有机物的分解影响了水体中的营养盐循环。通过室内模拟附生细菌(A),附生细菌与游离细菌 (AF),及附生细菌与底泥细菌(AS)三个实验组作用下蓝藻颗粒有机物(POM)在黑暗条件下长期(132 天)分解过程,监测颗粒态有机碳(POC)、氮(PON)、磷(POP)、硝酸盐(NO^3–)、磷酸盐(PO4^3–)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)等浓度的变化,揭示蓝藻颗粒有机物的分解和营养盐释放规律。结果表明,在整个降解过程中,叶绿素a(Chla)浓度在培养第28天时降低至最低水平,在三个实验组中Chla 分解速率随时间的变化而增大,平均分解速率为：(0.15±0.06) mg/(L·d)。而POC,PON,POP 的分解大致分为两个阶段,快速分解大都在28 天以内,而后为缓慢降解,且分解速率明显低于Chla,平均分解速率分别为(0.03±0.03) mg/(L·d),(0.04±0.05) mg/(L·d),(0.03±0.02) mg/(L·d),且呈现随着时间变化而降低的趋势。三者之间及其在三个实验组之间的分解速率并无显著性差异。A、AF、AS 三个实验组中,POC 的最大分解量分别为82.30%、81.90%、63.14%;PON 的最大分解量分别为92.85%、91.68%、73.27%;POP 的最大分解量分别为93.50%、91.25%、70.11%,表明了POC 的转化量小于PON 和POP,AS 实验组中POM 的分解量最低,说明了底泥微生物对藻源有机物具有较低的分解量。此外,随着藻源有机物的降解,水体中NO^3–、PO4^3–、DOC 的最大值出现在Chla 完全降解之后,分别是初始值的2.36 倍、2.13倍、2.64 倍,说明了藻源颗粒有机物的分解将显著增加水体中的营养盐。     

涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐及浮游植物群落组成分析

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是近年来北部湾常见的有害藻华原因种,涠洲岛海域作为广西沿海藻华的高发区之一,目前仍缺乏关于该海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程的相关研究。为探究涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐的状况及藻华的发生对浮游植物群落组成的影响,对2017年3月下旬涠洲岛周边发生的球形棕囊藻藻华区域进行取样调查。结果表明,藻华期间水体中溶解有机磷含量与细胞及囊体密度呈显著正相关。本次藻华主要受水体中溶解态无机氮含量影响,多个调查站点的无机氮/无机磷(DIN/DIP)<10,且硅酸盐/无机氮(SiO₃^2–/DIN)>1,表明这些站点存在氮限制现象,而氮限制可能是本次藻华消亡的主要因素。调查区域共鉴定出浮游植物4门58种,球形棕囊藻细胞密度最高可达1.04×10⁸ cells/L,占浮游植物总细胞密度的98.28%。球形棕囊藻细胞密度与物种多样性指数存在显著的负相关关系。在营养缺乏条件下,有利于球形棕囊藻成囊的链状硅藻种类具有相对较大的细胞密度。     

营养素对免疫功能的调节作用

营养不良可使胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结等免疫器官萎缩,对细胞和体液免疫、补体功能及吞噬杀菌活力有明显的不良影响。食物营养素如维生素A、E、C等维生素,锌、铁、铜、硒等微量元素以及脂类、蛋白质和氨基酸对免疫功能均有显著调节作用。     

Soil microbes and the availability of soil nutrients

It is likely to provide plants with their necessary nutrients using chemical and biological fertilization. Although chemical fertilization is a quick method, it is not recommendable economically and environmentally, especially if overused. Biological fertilization is the use of soil microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to inoculate plants. It has been proved that biological fertilization is an efficient method to supply plants with their necessary nutrients. It is economically and environmentally recommendable, because it results in sustainability. In this article, some of the most important details including the mechanisms and processes regarding the effects of soil microbes on the availability and hence uptake of nutrients by plant are reviewed. Such details can be important for the selection and hence production of microbial inoculums, which are appropriate for biological fertilization.     

Vermiconversion of industrial sludge for recycling the nutrients

The aim of the present study was to investigate the transformation of sugar mill sludge (PM) amended with biogas plant slurry (BPS) into vermicompost employing an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. To achieve the objectives experiments were conducted for 13 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. In all the waste mixtures, a decrease in pH, TOC, TK and C:N ratio, but increase in TKN and TP was recorded. Maximum worm biomass and growth rate was attained in 20% PM containing waste mixture. It was inferred from the study that addition of 30-50% of PM with BPS had no adverse effect on the fertilizer value of the vermicompost as well as growth of E. fetida. The results indicated that vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the management and nutrient recovery from press mud if mixed with bulking agent in appropriate quantities.     

Modelling root-induced solubilization of nutrients

Theory for coupled diffusion processes in soil is briefly described and three examples of its application to understand root-induced solubilization of nutrients given. The examples are: (1) solubilization of P through root-induced pH changes in the rhizosphere of rice plants growing in flooded soil; (2) solubilization of P through excretion of organic chelating agents from rice roots growing in aerobic soil; and (3) the effects of root geometry on P solubilization, particularly cylindrical versus planar geometry and the effect of excretion of a solubilizing agent being localized along the root axis. The theory is tested by comparing measured concentration profiles of P near roots with the predictions of the theory made using independently measured parameter values. In the examples given, the agreement between the observed and predicted concentration profiles is very good, indicating that the theory is sound and the processes involved well understood.     

Phytoplankton and nutrients in the Helgoland region

During recent decades, phytoplankton stock on the one hand and inorganic nutrients (P and bound N) on the other have increased considerably in the southern North Sea, as demonstrated at a permanent station (since 1962) near the island Helgoland. This correlation between phytoplankton and inorganic P and N need not have anything to do with causality; exceptional algal blooms have been observed and reported in the literature since in the 19^th century. Furthermore, these increases (four-fold for phytoplankton and two-fold for nutrients) are in the same range as the fluctuations from year to year under different hydrographical conditions. A detailed investigation carried out in 1981 demonstrated the presence of a slowly growing phytoplankton population. Starting with a considerable stock of flagellates in spring, it reached a peak in cell numbers over a long reproduction period which contrasted with the normal duration of a spring bloom of diatoms. These processes were not related to a limited production by P or N. A considerable concentration of these nutrients was permanently available in the form of inorganic compounds. The total amount of nutrients surpassed by far the portion incorporated in the phytoplankton. This is a consequence of the fact that small organisms have a high metabolic rate. Therefore, the relation between stock and production (daily production ≈stock) is completely different from that known e.g. in agriculture. The nutrients exist during the vegetation period mainly in the form of dissolved organic matter that is accessible to plankton. The great dynamics of this system, including a phase shifting during the year between inorganic P, N, Si, and production, indicates the significance of permanent and fast remineralization. Calculations demonstrate that the natural nutrient content of seawater normally satisfies the demands of phytoplankton present in the North Sea area under study. Only in the more productive coastal region (salinity<30 associated with fresh water run-offs of low nutrient content — an unrealistic assumption in the German Bight) might some limitation be observed. For diatoms, silicate may represent a critical component, but a high dynamic force exists in the presence of small Si concentrations. Therefore, a lack of silicon must not represent any limitation; however, knowledge on the silicon system is insufficient up to now. Dedicated to Dr. Dr. h. c. Peter Kornmann on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.     

Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin

Atmospheric chemical models are used to estimate the deposition rate of various inorganic oxides of nitrogen (NO_y), reduced nitrogen species (NH_x) and mineral dust to the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). The estimated deposition of NO_y to the NAO (excluding the coastal ocean) and the Caribbean is 360 × 10⁹ Moles-N m^–2 yr^–1 (5.0 Tg N); this is equivalent to about 13% of the estimated global emission rate (natural and anthropogenic) and a quarter of the emission rate from sources in North America and Europe. In the case of NH_x, 258 Moles-N m^–2 yr^–1 (3.6 Tg N) are deposited to the NAO and the Caribbean; this is about 6% of the global continental emissions. There is relatively little data on the deposition rate of organic nitrogen species; nonetheless, this evidence suggests that concentrations and deposition rates are comparable to those for inorganic nitrogen.Because of anthropogenic emissions, the present-day deposition rate of NO_y to the NAO is about five times greater than pre-industrial times largely due to emissions from energy production and biomass burning. The present-day emissions of NH_x from continental anthropogenic sources are about four-to-five times greater than natural sources, mostly due to the impact of emissions from animal wastes associated with food production. Indeed, present-day emissions of NH_x from animal waste are estimated to be about 10 times greater than the pre-human era. The deposition rate of mineral dust to the NAO is about 170 Tg yr^–1; deposited with the dust (assuming average crustal abundances) is about 6 Tg yr^–1 of Fe and 0.2 Tg yr^–1 of P. Dust deposition in the NAO is almost completely attributable to transport from North African sources; a substantial fraction of the dust over the NAO is probably mobilized as a consequence of land use practices in arid regions and, consequently, it should be regarded as a pollutant.     

Transport of nutrients and hormones through the blood-brain barrier

The transport of circulating nutrients (glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, choline, and purines) through the brain endothelial wall, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is an important regulatory step in several substrate-limited pathways of brain metabolism. The in vivo kinetics of nutrient transport has been well characterized in the rat, and the kinetic constants of saturable (Km, Vmax) and nonsaturable (KD) transport through the BBB are now known for more than 30 circulating nutrients. The kinetic constants can be used to gain insight into the important rate-limiting role played by BBB nutrient transport in the regulation of brain metabolism and function. Unlike most nutrients, steroid and thyroid hormones circulate tightly bound to plasma proteins. However, owing to favorable kinetic relationships among brain capillary transit times and rates of hormone dissociation from plasma proteins and hormone diffusion through the brain endothelia, the BBB is able to strip hormones off circulating plasma proteins. With regard to peptide hormone, no specific BBB transport systems for peptides have been identified thus far. However, peptides are able to rapidly distribute into brain interstitial space at the circumventricular organs. In addition, specific receptors for insulin are located on the BBB. The presence of BBB peptide receptors provides a mechanism by which circulating peptides may rapidly influence brain function without the peptide crossing the BBB.     

Availability and mobility of nutrients in acid forest soil treated with fast and slow-release nutrients

The effects of slow and fast-release fertilizers (P, K, Mg) on the movement and availability of nutrients in acid forest soil were studied. Fast-release superphosphate, potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate and slow-release apatite (P) and biotite (K, Mg) were applied alone or together with urea or urea+limestone. The nutrient content in the organic horizon was determined one growing season and three growing seasons after the application, and in the mineral layer after one growing season. The movement of nutrient ions in the organic horizon was studied by an ion exchange resin bag method during a 5-month period following application. The fast-release salts immediately increased the soluble P and exchangeable K and Mg contents in the organic and mineral soils and in the resin bags. After three growing seasons the effect of K application in the organic layer was non-detectable and that of P had clearly diminished. Apatite gradually increased soluble P content in the organic layer, but biotite had only a minor effect on the K and Mg contents. The nutrients from the fast-release fertilizers had clearly become available and mobile in the year of application and were thus susceptible to leaching. The rate of nutrient release from apatite and biotite is slower and the added nutrients are retained in the organic horizon. Slow-release compounds, like apatite and biotite, might be potential fertilizers for counteracting acidic deposition and subsequent nutrient losses.     

Plant genotype mediates the effects of nutrients on aphids

Soil nutrients, and factors which influence their concentrations and bioavailability, form a basic component of bottom–up control of ecosystem processes, including plant–herbivore interactions. Increased nutrient levels are linked, through plant defence theory, with increased levels of herbivore susceptibility. The focal point of many ecological experiments examining this link is at the species level, where the response of single species is the average of many different genotypes. Here, we focus on the genetic basis of indirect ecological interactions. We investigated the effects of nutrient concentration on the population growth of an aphid herbivore across multiple genotypes of barley in relation to plant growth rate. In general, both aphid population size and plant growth rate increased with nutrient concentration. However, they were both dependent on the interaction between nutrient concentration and barley genotype. Our data raise the testable possibility of differential defense responses between genotypes of barley, for example divergent, fixed and inducible defences against aphids. We provide evidence that the indirect effects of soil nutrients on aphid population size are mediated by the genetics of the host plant.