草鱼胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶cDNA全长的克隆与分析

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidases,GPXs,EC1.11.19)是生物体内抗氧化防御系统的重要组成部分。本文从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)克隆到胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因(GPX1)cDNA全长序列。该序列全长890bp(GenBank accession No.EU828796),包括完全开放阅读框(ORF)576bp、5'非编码区(5'-UTR)17bp和3'-UTR297bp。其ORF编码191个氨基酸残基,包含一个由"UGA"(通常为终止密码子)编码的硒代半胱氨酸(selenocysteine,Sec40)残基,并与另2个残基(Glu75和Trp153)构成酶活性中心。同时,草鱼GPX1cDNA的3'-UTR中具有保守的硒代半胱氨酸插入序列(selenocysteine insertion sequence,SECIS)元件。氨基酸序列相似性比较显示,草鱼GPX1cDNA的推测氨基酸序列(GenBank accession No.ACF39780)与斑马鱼GPX1(GenBank accession No.NP_001007282)的相似性为95.8%,与鳗鲡GPX1(GenBank acces-sion No.ACN78878)的为84.8%,与哺乳类的为59%~72%。采用实时荧光定量PCR(Q-PCR)检测草鱼GPX1的组织表达特征。结果表明,草鱼GPX1的mRNA在所检测的11种组织器官中均有表达,其中在肝、鳃和肾表达水平较高,在红肌、脂肪和肠道中表达水平较低。本研究结果将有助于进一步探讨鱼类GPX1基因的结构与功能,并为研究其抗氧化分子机理奠定基础。     

淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因的克隆

微囊藻毒素去毒酶在鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒过程中起着关键作用,研究成功克隆鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼、鲫鱼、鳜鱼、罗非鱼等淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因cDNA核心片段而首次获得这些淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶氨基酸序列。鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼、鲫鱼、鳜鱼、罗非鱼微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因与人、小鼠、大鼠、牛、猪、羊的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因氨基酸同源性为60%左右,表明淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因在进化上变异性较大,与其承担微囊藻毒素去毒代谢之特殊功能相适应。     

3种不同食性淡水鱼类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶Pi、Mu、Theta型cDNA序列的克隆分析及表达

鱼类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)是鱼类一种重要的Ⅱ相去毒酶,在催化毒素与还原谷胱甘肽(GSH)加合去毒代谢过程中具有关键作用。采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆得到草鱼、尼罗罗非鱼pi、mu、theta型GST(GSTpi、GSTmu、GSTtheta)基因、鲢鱼GSTmu、GSTtheta基因的cDNA部分序列并推测各自对应的氨基酸序列。氨基酸序列同源性比较和系统进化分析均表明,鲢鱼、草鱼、尼罗罗非鱼与鱼类GST同源性较高,与哺乳类、鸟类、两栖类GST同源性较低,可能与鱼类GST基因在水环境毒素去毒代谢中承担的特殊功能有关。而不同种鱼类GSTtheta的同源性明显要较GSTpi、GSTmu的同源性低,可能与不同淡水鱼类食性及对毒素耐受性不同有关。用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测三种鱼肝脏中三型GST基因组成型表达水平,发现三种鱼各型之间皆有一定差异,尼罗罗非鱼肝脏整体GSTs基因表达很低,GSTtheta显著低于草鱼(P<0.05),GSTmu显著低于鲢鱼(P<0.05)。本研究为从分子水平上研究不同型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因在不同食性淡水鱼类体内代谢去毒过程中的作用提供了基础。     

草鱼与鲢鱼肥胖基因克隆与序列分析

肥胖基因产物leptin是调节哺乳动物摄食、能量代谢等生命活动的重要细胞因子。 应用RT-PCR和RACE法获得了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) leptin基因的全长cDNA序列分别为1 096 bp和1 176 bp,编码173和172个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,草鱼和鲢鱼的leptin序列与其它鲤科鱼类leptin的同源性较高,而与其他鱼类的leptin同源性很低,但所有鱼类的leptin均含有用于形成二硫键的高度保守的半胱氨酸。系统进化树分析显示,草鱼和鲢鱼leptin与其他鱼类leptin聚于一进化分支。应用PCR和Genome Walker方法,进一步获得了草鱼和鲢鱼leptin基因的内含子和5′侧翼区序列。结果表明,获得的草鱼和鲢鱼leptin基因长度分别为2 129 bp和2 192 bp,含有与其他脊椎动物leptin相似的基因结构（含三个外显子和两个内含子）。本研究为深入研究鱼类肥胖基因结构功能关系与鱼类抗肥胖品系定向遗传选育奠定了良好的基础。     

草鱼LAT2cDNA基因克隆、序列分析及组织表达检测

目的:克隆草鱼LAT2cDNA基因,分析基因生物信息及在不同组织的表达情况.方法:采用RT-PCR方法从草鱼前肠组织克隆LAT2cDNA基因,用生物软件对基因序列进行基因生物信息分析;采用RT-PCR方法检测LAT2基因在组织中的表达情况.结果:成功克隆草鱼LAT2cDNA基因,基因长1 216bp,编码404个氨基酸;与斑马鱼的同源性高达92.5%,而与哺乳类动物的同源性在75.2%～85.2%之间;对其构建的基因系统进化树与传统形态分类相吻合;预测的12跨膜结构中第1到第6个跨膜区与其它动物类似,其中完成转运功能的主要跨膜部位与其它动物同源性高达92%;并在草鱼前肠、中肠、后肠、肝、肾、心、脑、肌肉和鳃组织均检测到基因的表达.结论:为进一步探讨鱼类氨基酸吸收转运代谢及氨基酸转运载体基因表达机理奠定基础.     

草鱼过氧化氢酶全长cDNA的克隆、序列同源分析与组织表达

过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)是生物体内抗氧化防御系统的关键酶之一,在清除过氧化氢而避免机体产生氧化应激的过程中起重要作用.本研究从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏中克隆了CAT完整编码序列(complete coding sequence,CDS).该CAT序列(GenBank登陆号:FJ560431)全长2 263 bp,包括完全开放阅读框(ORF) 1 575 bp、5'非编码区(UTR) 118 bp和3' UTR 570 bp.其ORF编码525个氨基酸残基,理论分子量为59.59 kD,等电点为7.02.在草鱼CAT cDNA的终止密码子附近,其3' UTR具有长且完整的AC重复序列,与斑马鱼、鲢鱼及啮齿类动物CAT的3' UTR AC重复序列相似.序列比较表明,草鱼CAT的核苷酸及推测氨基酸序列与其它多种物种的一致性均较高,其一致性分别为93.4%~43.0%和98.1%~63.3%.同时,草鱼CAT cDNA的推测氨基酸序列具有与其它动物高度保守的特征性基序,包括亚铁血红素结合信号序列"RLFSYPDTH"、酶活性中心序列"FDRERIPERVVHAKGA"及3个催化位点残基His74、Asn147和Tyr357.此外,草鱼CAT还具有保守的亚铁血红素结合口袋与NADPH 结合位点.根据草鱼CAT基因的上述特征,推测其属于CAT基因家族中的单功能或典型CAT基因亚群.采用实时荧光定量PCR (Q-PCR)检测草鱼CAT的组织表达特征.结果显示,草鱼CAT mRNA在所检测的11种组织器官中均有表达,其中在肝中表达水平量较高,在红肌、白肌和脂肪中表达量较低.本研究结果将有助于进一步探讨鱼类CAT基因的结构与功能,并为研究其抗氧化分子机理奠定基础.     

草鱼CYP1A和ACT基因cDNA片段的克隆与鉴定

以Trizol法分别提取BNF诱导和对照处理草鱼的肝组织总RNA并合成cDNA第一链,以此为模板利用1对ACT特异性引物和(8条)6对CYP1A简并引物进行扩增。结果显示,引物对F0-R0在对照和诱导草鱼中均扩增得到预期ACTcDNA片段,而引物对F4-R4在诱导草鱼中获得预期CYP1A cDNA产物。这两个cDNA片段分别进行克隆、测序和比对,BLAST结果表明草鱼ACTcDNA片段(800 bp)与GenBank中ACT基因(登录号M25013)同源性为99.1%,推导氨基酸序列同源性为99.2%;草鱼CYP1A cDNA片段(439 bp)与鲤鱼同源性最高,为92.5%,推导氨基酸同源性为96.6%。上述序列提交GenBank,获得登录号分别为DQ211096和DQ211095。通过Mega 3.1软件的Neighbor-joining程序对CYP基因的部分cDNA序列和氨基酸序列进行比对分析并绘制进化树,根据CYP1A部分蛋白的系统发育关系,在进化上可以将参与比对的真骨鱼划分为4个主要的分支。     

鲢鱼解偶联蛋白2全长cDNA序列的克隆及其组织表达

从淡水食毒藻鱼类鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)肝脏,通过简并引物克隆解偶联蛋白2(un-couplingprotein2,UCP2)cDNA核心序列,应用5′RACE和3′RACE技术分别扩增该序列的5′末端和3′末端序列,最后通过序列拼接获得鲢鱼肝脏UCP2cDNA全序列。序列分析结果表明,鲢鱼肝脏UCP2cDNA全长1452bp,其中5′-UTR长337bp,3′-UTR长182bp,编码区933bp,编码310个氨基酸,推测的氨基酸序列包含线粒体内膜载体蛋白3个特征结构及解偶联蛋白(UCPs)的特征序列。对鲢鱼不同组织UCP2的表达调控研究发现,鲢鱼组织UCP2基因在肠道、肝脏、肌肉、脂肪组织均大量表达,而在脑组织表达量较低,这与鲢鱼体内微囊藻毒素在这几个组织的分布完全一致,表明UCP2的功能可能与抑制微囊藻毒素引发过量活性氧(ROS)生成有关。     

草鱼IGF-I cDNA的克隆和在原核生物中的表达

根据亲缘关系较近的鲤鱼胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)cDNA设计一对引物,通过RT-PCR从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝组织首次克隆了草鱼IGF-I cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)片段.经序列分析表明克隆的草鱼IGF-I cDNA为Ea-2亚型,ORF与鲤鱼有95%的同源性,与人有63%的同源性;草鱼IGF-I蛋白与鲤鱼IGF-I仅2个氨基酸残基不同,与人IGF-I也仅有13个残基不同.将表达成熟草鱼IGF-I(gcIGF-I)蛋白的cDNA片段亚克隆至谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)融合表达载体pGEX-4T-3,再将构建的重组表达载体pGEX-T-gcIGF-I转入大肠杆菌BL21.在IPTG的诱导下,GST-gcIGF-I融合蛋白高效表达.兔抗鲑鱼IGF-I抗血清进行的Western B1ot检测显示重组草鱼IGF-I蛋白具有免疫活性.     

Annual dynamics of the abundance of fish larvae and its relationship with hydrological variation in the Pearl River

We studied daily periodicity, taxonomic composition and annual variation of fish larvae abundance from a survey of the Zhaoqing section of the Pearl River over a 3-year period, 2006–2008, and collected 52 species, in eight families and 16 orders. The fish larval samples were numerically dominated by six species, Barbel Chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus) 33.1%, Black Guangdong Bream (Megalobrama hoffmanni) 20.6%, Yellowfin (Xenocypris argentea) 15.4%, Mud Carp (Cirrhina molitorella) 10%, Common Sawbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus) 4.3%, and Freshwater Bream (Parabramis pekinensis) 3.1%. These six species accounted for 86.5% of total numbers. Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are four of the most economically important fish species in China, and accounted for approximately 4.6% of the total. When compared with historical records from 1931, there are obvious changes in the fish larvae community. Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), Seasonal Shad (Macrura reevesi) and Long Spiky-head Carp (Luciobrama macrocephalus) populations have disappeared and there are also decreases in several other economically important fish populations. We observed a delay in spawning time of Black Carp, Grass Carp, Silver Carp and Bighead Carp, which may be the result of the hydrological regime change in the Pearl River. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and cross-covariance function (CCF) to analyze the relationship between fish larvae and environmental variables. Our results clearly show that discharge affects the majority of fish larvae, with the various species having different responses. Larval abundances of 15 species such as Black Carp, Grass Carp, Silver Carp, Bighead Carp, Mud Carp and Black Guangdong Bream are significantly and positively related to the discharge. Other species such as Chinese Noodlefish (Leucosoma chinensis) and Rhinogobius olivaceus are negatively related to the discharge. Abundances of larval Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Eleotris oxycephala were not related to the discharge. As most economic fish species are affected by discharge, we also conclude that changes of hydrological regime, mainly caused by river damming, will result in the decline of fisheries resources in the Pearl River. The findings of this study have important implications for our ability to model the responses of fish larvae to environmental flows for the purpose of river regulation.     

白鲢等鱼种对螺旋鱼腥藻消化吸收的示踪实验报告

为了研究螺旋鱼腥藻塘里鱼种快速生长的作用机制,首先应该弄清鱼种究竟能否消化吸收螺旋鱼腥藻。本报告应用放射性同位素示踪法,对此问题做了初步的探讨,认为白鲢等鱼种是可以消化吸收螺旋鱼腥藻的。       

长江中下游鲢鳙草青四大家鱼线粒体DNA多样性分析

对长江中、下游湖北石首、江西九江、安徽芜湖三江段鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼天然群体共３６５尾鱼的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）的ＮＤ５／６、Ｃｙｔｂ基因和Ｄ－Ｌｏｏｐ区片段进行了限制性内切酶酶切片段长度多态（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。结果表明：（１）长江中、下游鲢、鳙和青鱼的遗传多样性丰富，草鱼不甚丰富。发现鲢、鳙和青鱼的ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型分别有２８、１９、２７种，草鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型仅见７种；鲢、鳙和青鱼的基因型多样性     

Carbon dioxide as an under-ice lethal control for invasive fishes

Resource managers need effective tools to control invasive fish populations. In this study, we tested under-ice carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection as a novel piscicide method for non-native Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and native Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus). Fish were held overwinter in nine outdoor ponds (0.04 ha surface area; 340,000 L volume) treated with no CO₂ (control), 43.5–44.0 kg CO₂ (low treatment), and 87.5–88.5 kg CO₂ (high treatment). Ponds were harvested immediately after ice-out to assess survival and condition. Resulting survival in low (mean = 32%) and high (mean = 5%) CO₂-treated ponds was significantly lower than untreated control ponds (mean = 84%). Lethal efficacy varied across species with no Bighead Carp, Silver Carp, or Bigmouth Buffalo surviving the high CO₂ treatment. External infections were observed more frequently after CO₂ treatments (means = 49–67%) relative to untreated ponds (mean = 2%), suggesting a secondary mechanism for poor survival. This study demonstrates that CO₂ can be used as a lethal control for invasive fishes, but effectiveness may vary by species and CO₂ concentration.     

Multistate models of bigheaded carps in the Illinois River reveal spatial dynamics of invasive species

Knowledge of the spatial distributions and dispersal characteristics of invasive species is necessary for managing the spread of highly mobile species, such as invasive bigheaded carps (Bighead Carp [Hypophthalmichthys nobilis] and Silver Carp [H. molitrix]). Management of invasive bigheaded carps in the Illinois River has focused on using human-made barriers and harvest to limit dispersal towards the Laurentian Great Lakes. Acoustic telemetry data were used to parameterize multistate models to examine the spatial dynamics of bigheaded carps in the Illinois River to (1) evaluate the effects of existing dams on movement, (2) identify how individuals distribute among pools, and (3) gauge the effects of reductions in movement towards the invasion front. Multistate models estimated that movement was generally less likely among upper river pools (Starved Rock, Marseilles, and Dresden Island) than the lower river (La Grange and Peoria) which matched the pattern of gated versus wicket style dams. Simulations using estimated movement probabilities indicated that Bighead Carp accumulate in La Grange Pool while Silver Carp accumulate in Alton Pool. Fewer Bighead Carp reached the upper river compared to Silver Carp during simulations. Reducing upstream movement probabilities (e.g., reduced propagule pressure) by?≥?75% into any of the upper river pools could reduce upper river abundance with similar results regardless of location. Given bigheaded carp reproduction in the upper Illinois River is presently limited, reduced movement towards the invasion front coupled with removal of individuals reaching these areas could limit potential future dispersal towards the Great Lakes.     

世界范围内“四大家鱼”入侵现状及其适应特性

原产中国的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus),即"四大家鱼",已分别被引入到世界上很多个国家和地区,在其中将近一半的地区成功入侵,远高于一般入侵生物的建群概率。这与其自身的高繁殖力、宽广的生理耐受性和食性,以及遗传结构多样性等特征有关,还与新栖息地环境因素密切相关。四大家鱼野外繁殖所需的具有一定流量、流速、足够长且通畅的河道,是其成功入侵的必备环境因素;气候因素也影响四大家鱼成功入侵的概率。此外,入侵地的饵料丰度以及与其他入侵生物的协同作用,也能促进四大家鱼在引入地建群之后的入侵速度和程度。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major Chinese freshwater fishes

Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 +/- 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 +/- 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 +/- 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 +/- 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 +/- 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 +/- 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed.     

Competition among river planktivores: are native planktivores still fewer and skinnier in response to the Silver Carp invasion?

Planktivorous Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Bighead Carp H. nobilis have successfully invaded much of the Upper Mississippi River System and its tributaries during the last 30 years. During the initial years of the invasion, concurrent declines in the body condition and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of planktivorous Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum and Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus were attributed to competition with Asian carp. Using an additional seven years of data (2007–2013), we assessed whether Silver Carp have continued to exert adverse pressure on the condition, CPUE, and biomass of native planktivores or whether there is evidence of a potential rebound in the populations of native planktivores. The extended data set reaffirms the body condition and the CPUE of Bigmouth Buffalo remain significantly reduced. However, unlike previous analyses, we also observed significant reductions in the CPUE of Gizzard Shad. Additionally, new results show that the CPUE and biomass of Bigmouth Buffalo were more inversely related to Silver Carp CPUE and biomass relative to the CPUE and biomass of Gizzard Shad. These results reinforce that Silver Carp likely suppress native planktivores and also suggest that diet and other life-history traits may explain some of the subtle differences in species-specific responses. Our results also emphasize that long-term data can be critical to understanding how non-native species can influence native fish population dynamics and how this influence may change over time.     

草鱼CNBP的分子特征及其进化分析

从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝肾cDNA文库中克隆到细胞核酸结合蛋白基因CNBP的完整开放阅读框序列.分析表明草鱼CNBP由163个氨基酸残基组成,含有7个保守CCHC型锌指结构、核定位信号区和RGG框,与其他鱼类的同源性很高.与人及其他脊椎动物的相比,草鱼细胞核酸结合蛋白在第3个锌指中的第5个氨基酸残基由Gly变成His,另外在第1锌指和第2锌指结构间,缺失6～14个氨基酸残基.虽然如此,适应性进化分析显示细胞核酸结合蛋白没有经历正达尔文选择(ω≤1),即这种结构的差异还不足以产生新的功能.这表明CNBP处于中性进化中.