黑肩绿盲蝽口器的结构和感器

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reute是水稻飞虱和叶蝉的重要天敌。为了更好的探讨这种盲蝽的取食行为,本研究在扫描电镜下观察了黑肩绿盲蝽口器及其感器的超微结构。结果表明黑肩绿盲蝽口针束由1对上颚针和1对相互连锁的下颚针构成。上颚口针具两排脊状突起,并通过连锁机制紧密的嵌合在一起,形成了中空的食物道和唾液道。下颚口针内侧边缘具两排与口针末端方向一致的锐利齿状结构。黑肩绿盲蝽口器上可观察到毛形感器Ⅰ(TSⅠ)、毛形感器Ⅱ(TSⅡ)、锥形感器(BS)和多孔钉形感器(MPGS),大都分布于口器下唇,尤其在下唇端部可见锥形感器密集分布。研究结果对今后进一步探讨这种天敌的食性和取食行为有重要意义。     

霍氏啮小蜂外生殖器及其感器的超微结构

霍氏啮小蜂Tetrastichus howardi(Olliff)是许多鳞翅目害虫的群居性蛹寄生蜂。为分析霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器和交配器上与成虫产卵和交配有关的感受器类型,本文利用扫描电镜对霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器和交配器的超微结构进行了观察。在霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器上共发现了7种感受器,分别是毛形感器1(TS1)、毛形感器2(TS2)、刺形感器2(CH2)、分泌毛孔(SP)、栓锥形感器1(SS1)、栉齿状感器(DS)、浅凹形感器(SD)和火山形感器(VS)。交配器上共发现6种感受器官,分别是栓锥形感器2(SS2)、火山形感器(VS)、表皮孔(CP)、鸡冠状结构(Crs)、钟形感器(CAS)和毛形感器3(TS3)。结果表明霍氏啮小蜂可通过产卵器和交配器上感受器获得与寄主和配偶相关的信息,进而调控产卵行为和交配行为。     

灰茶尺蠖成虫触角及幼虫头部感器超微结构

【目的】明确灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens成虫触角及幼虫头部感器的种类、形态、数量和分布,以探讨灰茶尺蠖的行为机制。【方法】利用扫描电镜技术观察灰茶尺蠖雌、雄成虫触角和5龄幼虫头部感器的超微结构。【结果】灰茶尺蠖成虫触角上分布有8种感器,分别是栓锥形感器、耳形感器、毛形感器(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)、B?hm氏鬃毛、腔锥形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、鳞形感器、锥形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)和刺形感器。其中,栓锥形感器仅分布在雌蛾触角上,耳形感器、毛形感器(STⅠ-Ⅲ)仅分布在雄虫触角上。5龄幼虫触角上着生1个栓锥形感器、1个锥形感器和2个刺形感器;上唇着生有6对刺形感器,内唇着生有3对刺形感器和1对指形感器;上颚基部外侧着生有2个刺形感器;下颚及下颚须着生有5个刺形感器、9个锥形感器和2个栓锥形感器;下唇须着生有1个锥形感器和1个刺形感器;吐丝器前端着生有1对刺形感器。【结论】灰茶尺蠖雌、雄成虫触角感器存在性二型性,且雄虫上感器种类和数量较多,据此推测雄虫感受寄主植物或性信息素的能力较强;幼虫头部感器具有嗅觉和味觉功能,在其判断食物的种类和适应性等生态行为中发挥重要作用。     

微红梢斑螟(鳞翅目:螟蛾科)成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

通过扫描电镜对微红梢斑螟雌、雄成虫触角的外部形态及感器进行观察,结果表明,微红梢斑螟雌、雄成虫触角共观察到10类感器.其中,毛形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、耳性感器、腔锥形感器、Bǒhm氏鬃毛共7类感器在雌、雄虫触角上均有分布;而栓锥形感器仅在雌虫触角上被发现,钟形感器和鳞形感器这2类感器仅在雄虫触角上被发现.各类型感器的数量以鞭节上最多,且多处于触角的腹面和侧面.感器的类型、数量及形态在雌、雄虫触角上存在性二型现象.     

黄脊竹蝗触角感器的电镜扫描观察

黄脊竹蝗是中国南方地区重要的竹子害虫,为了更好地理解黄脊竹蝗"趋尿行为"的生理生化机制,通过电镜扫描技术研究了黄脊竹蝗成虫触角感器的类型、数量、形态及分布特征,比较分析了其在雌、雄成虫间的差异。结果表明:黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫触角丝状,由1节柄节、1节梗节和23节鞭节构成,雌雄间触角长度及直径差异不显著(P>0.05);雌、雄成虫触角感器均有毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、刺形感器、锥形感器Ⅰ、锥形感器Ⅱ和腔锥形感器6种;其中,锥形感器数量最多,约占感器总数的53%,主要分布在鞭节的第8～21亚节上;各类感器在雌、雄成虫间触角上的分布特征相似,雄成虫触角上感器总数、锥形和腔锥形感器数量显著多于雌成虫(P<0.05)。     

锈色粒肩天牛触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni雌、雄成虫触角上的感器结构、分布及数量进行观察和研究。结果表明:锈色粒肩天牛成虫触角鞭节状,由柄节,梗节和9节鞭节组成。在雌、雄成虫触角上分布着4类8种感器,分别是2种毛形感器,2种刺形感器,3种锥形感器和1种芽形感器。而发锥形感器和短刺形感器只分布于雄虫的触角上,不同类型感器在雌、雄个体上的长度及分布数量不同。     

德国小蠊触角感器的扫描电镜观察

用电子显微镜观察德国小蠊Blattella germanica(L.)雌成虫、雄成虫、老熟若虫和低龄若虫的触角,发现其上分布有大量感器,为刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、锥形感器、毛形感器、弧形感器、帽形感器、边缘感器和椭圆感器。其中刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、锥形感器、毛形感器、弧形感器和边缘感器在各种虫态均有分布,帽形感器仅见于成虫触角鞭节上。在各种不同虫态中,雌雄成虫含有所有种类的感器,老熟若虫触角亚节数最多,低龄若虫的各类感器的感毛长度和基部横径普遍较小。     

黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究

【目的】为早期释放黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis提供理论依据,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽不同虫态耐受饥饿及低温的能力。【方法】室内条件下,比较了稻苗+水、无苗有水和无苗无水三种食物条件下黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥力大小。【结果】适温(26℃)下,黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫在稻苗+水的存活时间显著高于无苗有水,无苗有水时的存活时间又显著高于无苗无水,表明稻苗对于黑肩绿盲蝽有营养作用,取食稻苗有助于提高黑肩绿盲蝽的耐饥力。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫耐饥力最强,3龄若虫和5龄若虫接近,有苗有水时,3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫的平均存活时间分别为2.10、2.22和4.25 d。在低温(15℃)下,水稻苗对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的存活不利,有苗有水时雌雄成虫的存活时间均低于无苗有水处理,其中雌成虫两处理间的差异显著(P=0.001)。【结论】黑肩绿盲蝽对饥饿和低温有较强的耐受性,以成虫最强,水稻生长前期田间释放时以成虫为宜。     

草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器超微结构观察

【目的】草地贪夜蛾是一种严重危害农业生产的迁飞性害虫,本研究旨在了解草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构和分布。【方法】采用扫描电镜对其雌雄成虫触角感器类型及分布进行观察。【结果】草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫触角由柄节、梗节及鞭节3部分组成,雄蛾触角稍长于雌蛾,且触角表面覆有大量鳞片。共观察到7种类型的感受器,分别为■氏鬃毛(2种亚型,BBⅠ型和BBⅡ型)、毛形感器(2种亚型,ST-Ⅰ和ST-Ⅱ)、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器、鳞形感器。■氏鬃毛主要位于柄节和梗节,其余感器均分布于鞭节。【结论】草地贪夜蛾雌雄蛾感器种类相同,但同类感器长度均存在显著差异,雄蛾各感器显著长于雌蛾,这种特化与差异是否有利于其功能的发挥还有待通过电生理技术等进一步确定。     

齿缘刺猎蝽成虫触角和跗节感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了齿缘刺猎蝽(Sclomina erinacea Stal)成虫触角及前足跗节上的感受器,结果表明:齿缘刺猎蝽触角5节,由柄节、梗节和3个鞭节构成,梗节最短;雌、雄虫前足跗节均为3节。触角上共有3种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器和锥形感器,其中,毛形感器、锥形感器各有两种类型,刺形感器有3种类型。雌、雄个体间触角感器类型及分布未见明显差异。前足跗节上仅存在刺形感器,该感器在雄虫前足跗节上的分布较雌虫密集。     

Morphometry and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Antennal sensilla of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. In the flagellum, there are trichoid, basiconic, clavate type I and II, and styloconic sensilla and microtrichia. Only microtrichiae and chaetica sensilla were observed in the scape and pedicel. The number of sensilla in the flagellum was similar between sexes. At the apex there was a higher density of trichoid and an absence of clavate sensilla, while basiconic sensilla were more abundant in the proximal region.     

External morphology of antennal sensilla of trichogramma australicum girault (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae)

External morphology of antennal sensilla on female and male Trichogramma australicum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae show strong sexual dimorphism in structure and types of sensilla. The female antenna displays 14 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (types 1 and 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–3), coeloconic sensilla, falcate sensilla, placoid sensilla (types 1 and 2), styloconic sensilla and trichoid sensilla (types 1–3). The male antenna displays 12 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (type 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–5), coeloconic sensilla, placoid sensilla (type 1), and trichoid sensilla (types 3–5). Falcate and styloconic sensilla occur only on the female antenna. Both sensilla probably are associated with host examination, host discrimination and oviposition behaviour. Male antennal trichoid sensilla types 4 and 5 are probably associated with courtship behaviour, because these types occur only on the male. We propose the term “falcate sensilla” for a unique female antennal sensilla; the number of falcate sensilla may be used for identification of Trichogramma spp. In addition, we report the presence of placoid sensilla type 2 and difference in structure of coeloconic sensilla in T. australicum. Variation in structure and position of antennal sensilla are discussed.     

Distribution of chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and maxillae of Busseola fusca larvae

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize, Zea mays L., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (both Poaceae), in sub-Saharan Africa. Like in many other lepidopteran insects, the success of B. fusca in recognizing and colonizing a limited variety of plants is based on the interaction between its sensory systems and the physicochemical characteristics of its immediate environment. The sensilla on the maxillary galeae of B. fusca larvae are typical of Lepidoptera and comprise two uniporous styloconic sensilla, which are contact chemoreceptors, three basiconic sensilla, and two aporous sensilla chaetica. The maxillary palp is two-segmented and has eight small basiconic sensilla at the tip, which were also found to be gustatory. The antennae of B. fusca larvae are short and simple. The sensilla of the antenna are composed of two aporous sensilla chaetica, three multiporous cone-shaped basiconic sensilla, three small basiconic sensilla, and one aporous styloconic sensillum. The basiconic sensillum located on the third antennal segment displayed a contact chemoreception response. The other basiconic sensilla did not show any action potential activity in tip-recording tests. The significant and positive dose–response curve obtained for the antennal basiconic sensillum with sucrose indicated for the first time the presence of gustatory chemoreceptors on the antennae of a lepidopteran larva.     

Fine structure of the antennal sensilla of the millipede Orthomorphella pekuensis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae)

The fine structural characteristics of various sensory receptors on the antenna of a millipede, Orthomorphella pekuensis, were observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy. The antenna of this millipede has eight segments, called articles. On the surface of the antenna, there are a variety of sensory receptors, including olfactory and mechanical receptors. According to their morphological and fine structural characteristics, we could identify four basic types of antennal sensillum: chaetiform sensilla (CS), trichoid sensilla (TS), basiconic sensilla (BS) and apical cone sensilla (AS). The BS are divided further into three subtypes: large basiconic sensilla (BS₁) on the 5th and 6th articles; small basiconic sensilla (BS₂) on the 5th article; and a distinct type of basiconic spiniform sensilla (BS₃) on the 7th article. The most prominent sensilla are four large AS on the distal tip of the 8th segment. Based on our results, we conclude that the main function of the CS and TS are related to mechanical reception, and that the BS and AS are likely to function in olfactory reception of volatile odors of plants, as these sensilla have base and apex pores, respectively.     

管氏肿腿蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明 ,管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu触角上存在 1 3种感器 ,其中毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、刺形感器、锥形感器、鳞形感器、栓锥形感器、钟形感器和坛形感器雌雄均有 ,仅数量和分布存在差异 ;板形感器、柱形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、长锥形感器和耳形感器只在雌蜂触角上存在。感器的种类、数量和分布在性别间的差异 ,为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供了形态学依据。     

Antennal and ovipositor sensilla of Pseudoligosita yasumatsui (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Pseudoligosita yasumatsui Viggiani and Subba Rao 1978 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a common egg parasitoid of rice insect pests. The surface morphology of the antenna and ovipositor on P. yasumatsui was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The antenna of P. yasumatsui is geniculate in shape, hinged at the scape-pedicel joint, approximately 190 μm in length and consists of seven antennomeres. In total, the male and female antennae have ten different types of sensilla: trichoid sensilla type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, campaniform sensilla, basiconic sensilla, and placoid sensilla type 1 and 2. The flagellum of the female antenna is covered with cuticular pores, which are absent on the male antennal flagellum. The distal extremity of its ovipositor stylet has campaniform sensilla and styloconic sensilla. Trichoid sensilla found on its apical abdomen part may play a role in the host detection and egg placement. The types and distribution of antennal and ovipositor sensilla on the parasitoid were discussed.     

Sexual dimorphism of antennal and ovipositor sensilla of Tetrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Tetrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a primary parasitoid of the Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), an oil palm bagworm. The sensilla on the surface of the antenna and ovipositor of Tetrastichus sp. were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The antennae of both male and female Tetrastichus sp. are geniculate in shape and hinged at the scape-pedicel joint. The female antenna is about 200 µm longer than the male antenna. However, the male antenna has an additional flagellomere compared to the female antenna. In total, eight different types of antennal sensilla were observed on the antenna of Tetrastichus sp.: trichoid sensilla type 1, 2, 3, 4, placoid sensilla type 1 and 2, basiconic sensilla, and campaniform sensilla. The antenna of the female Tetrastichus sp. lacks placoid sensilla type 2 and campaniform sensilla. The distribution and abundance of the antennal sensilla were compared between the male and female Tetrastichus sp. and discussed. On the ovipositor stylet of Tetrastichus sp., coeloconic sensilla, styloconic sensilla and campaniform sensilla were observed. Trichoid sensilla were observed at the medial part of the distal extremity of the ovipositor.     

斑鞘豆叶甲触角感器的超微结构

斑鞘豆叶甲是大豆苗期重要害虫,本文利用扫描电镜技术观察了斑鞘豆叶甲触角感器超微形态与分布。结果表明:斑鞘豆叶甲触角感器绝大部分着生于鞭节,在鞭亚节端部和末节凹陷区感器分布密集,类型较多。基于感器外部形态可分为8种类型:毛形感器Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型、刺形感器、锥形感器、指形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型、钟形感器和B hm氏鬃毛。其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是锥形感器,钟形感器最少,仅分布于雄虫触角,还着生有大量表皮孔。雌、雄虫触角感器在形态、数量和分布上均存在差异,雄虫毛形和刺形感器显著长于雌虫,刺形感器端部膨大,两种感器的数量也明显多于雌虫;雌虫与雄虫相比末节背面也具感器密集的凹陷区,指形感器短于雄虫但数量显著多于雄虫。斑鞘豆叶甲触角感器种类丰富,分布密集,雌、雄虫感器存在明显的性二型现象,其结构和类型表现出种间分化特性。     

The organization of the chemosensory system in Drosophila melanogaster: a rewiew

This review surveys the organization of the olfactory and gustatory systems in the imago and in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster, both at the sensory and the central level. Olfactory epithelia of the adult are located primarily on the third antennal segment (funiculus) and on the maxillary palps. About 200 basiconic (BS), 150 trichoid (TS) and 60 coeloconic sensilla (CS) cover the surface of the funiculus, and an additional 60 BS are located on the maxillary palps. Males possess about 30% more TS but 20% fewer BS than females. All these sensilla are multineuronal; they may be purely olfactory or multimodal with an olfactory component. Antennal and maxillary afferents converge onto approximately 35 glomeruli within the antennal lobe. These projections obey precise rules: individual fibers are glomerulus-specific, and different types of sensilla are associated with particular subsets of glomeruli. Possible functions of antennal glomeruli are discussed. In contrast to olfactory sensilla, gustatory sensilla of the imago are located at many sites, including the labellum, the pharynx, the legs, the wing margin and the female genitalia. Each of these sensory sites has its own central target. Taste sensilla are usually composed of one mechano-and three chemosensory neurons. Individual chemosensory neurons within a sensillum respond to distinct subsets of molecules and project into different central target regions. The chemosensory system of the larva is much simpler and consists essentially of three major sensillar complexes on the cephalic lobe, the dorsal, terminal and ventral organs, and a series of pharyngeal sensilla.