田野菟丝子寄生对薇甘菊气孔行为的影响

田野菟丝子寄生已成为当前控制薇甘菊入侵蔓延的最佳生物防治手段之一。应用扫描电子显微镜技术,观察并统计分析了田野菟丝子寄生对薇甘菊叶片气孔形态参数的影响,为了解寄生对薇甘菊生理特征的影响提供一定的形态学依据。结果表明,田野菟丝子寄生对薇甘菊叶片的气孔长宽比和气孔面积产生显著影响:对照薇甘菊叶片的气孔长宽比和气孔面积表现为双峰日变化动态;而被寄生的薇甘菊的叶片气孔长宽比和气孔面积则表现为单峰日变化规律。对照薇甘菊气孔的长宽比分别在12:00和10:00,气孔面积分别在10:00和14:00达到日变化中的最大值与最小值;在15:00到16:00气孔长宽比和气孔面积再一次达到一个峰值,使气孔长宽比和气孔面积的日波动形成一个双峰曲线。被寄生的薇甘菊的叶片气孔长宽比和气孔面积则表现出单峰曲线,峰值分别出现在12:00和14:00。田野菟丝子寄生对薇甘菊的气孔密度没有产生显著影响。     

田野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris)寄生对薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)入侵群落土壤微生物 生物量和酶活性的影响

比较分析了广东省内伶仃岛薇甘菊未入侵群落、薇甘菊入侵群落、田野菟丝子刚寄生的薇甘菊入侵群落和田野菟丝子寄生3a的薇甘菊入侵群落的土壤化学特性、微生物生物量碳氮磷及土壤酶活性的变化,旨在探讨薇甘菊入侵如何改变土壤特性及田野菟丝子的寄生如何改变薇甘菊入侵地土壤特性.薇甘菊入侵群落土壤的pH值(6.046)、有机碳(35.937 g·kg-1) 、全氮(2.449 g·kg-1)、有机氮(2.383 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.051 g·kg-1)含量要显著地高于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤(5.593,29.512 g·kg-1, 0.800 g·kg-1, 0.722 g·kg-1, 0.043 g·kg-1),而土壤硝态氮含量(0.015 g·kg-1)要显著地低于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤(0.033 g·kg-1),土壤全磷和有效磷没有明显的差异;薇甘菊入侵群落土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性要显著地高于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤.田野菟丝子寄生可以使薇甘菊入侵地的土壤pH值(5.634)、有机碳(27.225 g·kg-1) 、全氮(1.836 g·kg-1)、有机氮(1.793 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.024 g·kg-1)含量显著性下降,对于全磷、有效磷和硝态氮则无明显影响;同时田野菟丝子寄生可以使土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶及β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著下降,但改变后的土壤与未入侵地之间仍具有一定的差异.田野菟丝子寄生达3a的薇甘菊入侵地的土壤总有机碳(35.719 g·kg-1)、全氮(2.356 g·kg-1)、有机氮(2.304 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.040 g·kg-1)含量相对于寄生早期显著增加,有机碳、全氮、有机氮等含量恢复到薇甘菊入侵地的水平,与未入侵地之间存在显著性差异;田野菟丝子寄生时间对土壤微生物生物量氮磷及土壤酸性磷酸酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性无显著性影响,但微生物生物量碳及脲酶活性显著升高,甚至超出薇甘菊入侵地.薇甘菊入侵可以改变土壤微生物生物量和酶活性,最终改变土壤化学特性,有利于其入侵;而田野菟丝子寄生可以打破土壤微生物生态系统的动态平衡,引起土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的改变,而最终又引起土壤化学特性的改变.此研究结果对于评价薇甘菊入侵的后果、田野菟丝子防治的可能机制及带来的后果具有重要的意义.     

田野菟丝子寄生对五种红树植物叶绿素荧光参数的影响

红树林由于受到入侵植物薇甘菊的危害发生大面积退化,而田野菟丝子寄生是防控薇甘菊的有效途径。为了探讨田野莬丝子寄生对红树植物的影响,该研究通过同质园控制试验,利用PAM-2100便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪,测定了三种真红树植物(老鼠簕、木榄、秋茄)和两种半红树植物(海芒果、银叶树)幼苗在田野菟丝子寄生及对照情况下的叶片叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:田野菟丝子寄生对红树植物幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)没有显著影响;对更为敏感的红树植物幼苗PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)同样也没有显著影响;试验后期发现田野菟丝子对红树植物幼苗无法成功寄生。由此可见,田野菟丝子用于红树林薇甘菊的防治是安全的。     

寄生植物菟丝子防治外来种薇甘菊研究初探

利用寄生植物田野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris Yunker)作为外来杂草薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H．B．k)的生物防治手段,研究了田野菟丝子对薇甘菊的光合作用及生长的影响。结果表明：田野菟丝子寄生于薇甘菊30d左右,薇甘菊单株叶片数、地上茎长度和生物量开始减少,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光Fv／Fm也开始降低。经过约2个月时间,以上的几个生长指标和生理指标均显著降低。在野外自然状态下,田野菟丝子由最初撒播面积约0．0l辞,很快发展到20m。左右的大块面积,离侵染源中心的最大扩散距离达到5m以上。田野菟丝子寄生可以严重影响薇甘菊茎叶生长及开花结实,可望成为根本上解决薇甘菊危害的一种生物控制技术,而且也可以缓解药用菟丝子资源匮乏的问题。结合国内外最新进展,提出有关田野菟丝子与其寄主相互关系中亟待解决的几个问题。     

菟丝子致死薇甘菊

薇甘菊Mikaniamicrantha是入侵的害草,已经由珠江三角洲扩散到粤东、粤西沿海地区,以及部分山区.在薇甘菊的天敌调查中看到菟丝子寄生于薇甘菊,严重时可以把薇甘菊致死.我们在本所的实验园中栽种薇甘菊,并让其被菟丝子Cuscuta chinensis Lam.寄生,结果证实菟丝子在两个月左右,完全可以抑制薇甘菊的生长,最终把薇甘菊致死.这可能是以草治草的一种新途径.但是菟丝子也是我国农作物的一种重要杂草,如何利用菟丝子控制薇甘菊的为害,而又不使菟丝子对薇甘菊的伴生植物和其它农作物造成为害,是下一步要解决的问题.菟丝子致死薇甘菊的机理更需要深入研究.     

田野菟丝子寄生薇甘菊的形态解剖学研究

采用扫描电镜及光镜观察田野菟丝子——薇甘菊茎的全寄生系统建立的过程.根据对吸器发生发育的观察,将其发育过程划分为4个阶段:接触反应、吸附作用、侵入生长及维管系统的建立.田野菟丝子的寄生吸器由吸器原基发育而来;当田野菟丝子成功吸附到可寄生寄主时,两者间的接触面会积累一些分泌物;吸器原基继续发育为内生原基,侵入寄主植物后单...     

入侵害草薇甘菊的防除研究进展

对薇甘菊MikaniamicranthaH.B.K.防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。薇甘菊的防除,目前主要采用人工清除、化学防除、生态防除和生物防治等方法,其中生物防治是最有效的防治方法之一。生物防治中艳婀珍蝶Actinotethaliapyrrha和安婀珍蝶A.anteas是较有前途的两种昆虫;柄锈菌PucciniaspegazzinideToni能使薇甘菊生长受阻、矮化、枯萎和死亡,在中国有利用的可能;凤凰木Delonixregia、血桐Macarangatanarius、榥伞枫Heteropanaxfragrans可以利用植物相克作用控制薇甘菊;菟丝子属Cuscuta的3种菟丝子能侵染薇甘菊,其中田野菟丝子Cuscutacampestris对薇甘菊控制作用较强,是以草治草的一种新方法。     

薇甘菊的天敌调查初报

经调查和鉴定,我国假泽兰属有两种:原产种为假泽兰Mikania cordata,分布海南省和广东省,不造成为害;入侵种为薇甘菊Mikania micrantha,分布广东、香港和台湾等地,造成严重为害.在假泽兰上采到假泽兰瘤瘿螨Aceria mikaniae(Nalepa).是我国新记录,对假泽兰的生长有较大的抑制作用.薇甘菊有明显的驱避作用,绣线菊蚜Aphis citricolor可致薇甘菊叶片萎缩;在深圳、珠海等地发现薇甘菊上病害普遍,是假尾孢菌属一种真菌Pseudocercospora sp.所致.在有些地方发现菟丝子Cuscuta Japonica Choisy寄生微甘菊,能否用来抑制薇甘菊的生长,值得探讨.     

入侵种薇甘菊防治措施及策略评估

薇甘菊Mikania micrantha H.B.K.是入侵中国南部地区的一种危害极大的外来入侵种。防治薇甘菊的措施和策略,应根据薇甘菊的物种特性及所能支配的防除资源,综合考虑、统筹安排。薇甘菊能快速生长覆盖其他植物,其残株断枝易成为独立生长的新个体、种子量巨大且极易扩散,喜入侵次生植被。物理清除适用于小面积,对大面积出现的薇甘菊不应采用。化学防除主要用于应急,但未能改变适于薇甘菊生长的生境,薇甘菊仍可能在数年后再次为害。田野菟丝子Cuscuta campestris控制薇甘菊适用于大面积危害区域,当只以控制而不以根除自然群落的薇甘菊为目标时效果很好。群落改造能一劳永逸地解除薇甘菊的危害,但只适用于宜林地,且成本较高。天敌控制和植物化感防治都尚在探索阶段。未来还应发掘有效天敌,研发综合防治措施,揭示宏观分布规律。薇甘菊防治的正确策略是:对于已形成区域性危害的薇甘菊,根除已经不可能,应采取持久战而非速决战,防止薇甘菊入侵新区域是防治的重中之重,必须优先治理轻度入侵地和能向周边区域甚至是遥远区域扩散的传播源,建立防治示范区或样地。     

薇甘菊的危害与田野菟丝子的防除作用

 通过对东莞、深圳、汕尾、香港等地的11个薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)危害并有田野菟丝子( Cuscuta campestris )生长的野外样地的调查研究,结果表明：薇甘菊的危害极其严重,对各样地的覆盖度高达75%～95%,样地共有111种植物,其中属于重度危害（III级）和极重度危害（IV级）     

Influence of the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on growth and biomass allocation of its host Mikania micrantha

As a means of biologically controlling Mikania micrantha H.B.K. in South China, the influence of the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris Yuncker on its growth and biomass allocation was studied using pot trials. The effect of C. campestris on M. micrantha became greater with time, such that the host biomass was only 1.8% of the control after 60 d of parasitism and by day 72 almost all the aerial parts of the host plants had died. Afterwards, the hosts and the remnant parasite shoots re-grew but the total biomass of the hosts was still significantly lower than that of the controls. The infection by C. campestris greatly increased the shoot:root dry weight ratio and the allocation to stems of the infected plants from 40 to 50 d after parasitization, but decreased their relative growth rate and unit leaf rate starting from 20 d after parasitization and their leaf area ratio from 30 to 60 d after parasitization. Cuscuta campestris significantly reduced the total biomass, changed the biomass allocation patterns, and completely inhibited the flowering of the infected M. micrantha plants. These results indicate that the use of C. campestris could be a potentially effective way of controlling M. micrantha.     

The influence of the holoparasitic plant Cuscuta campestris on the growth and photosynthesis of its host Mikania micrantha

The influence of the holoparasite Cuscuta campestris Yuncker on the growth and photosynthesis of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. was studied. The results indicate that C. campestris infection significantly reduced the light use efficiency and light saturation point of the host. It significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) of the 1st and 8th mature leaves of M. micrantha at light saturation point, the apparent quantum yield of the 1st mature leaves, the carboxylation efficiency and CO(2) saturated P(n) of the 8th mature leaves, but increased the light compensation point of the 1st mature leaves. Diurnally, it significantly reduced P(n) between 08.00 h and 16.00 h and stomatal conductance and transpiration from 10.00 h to 16.00 h for the 8th mature leaves. Moreover, the significantly adverse effects of C. campestris infection on P(n) were observed 18 d after parasitization (DAP) for the 4th, 8th and 12th, and 25 DAP for the 1st mature leaves of M. micrantha, and they became greater with infection time. The infection also significantly reduced the number of leaves, leaf area, stem length, and biomass, and prevented flowering of M. micrantha in the growing season, and caused almost complete death of the aerial parts of the host about 70 DAP, but the uninfected plants grew and developed normally. Furthermore, the total biomass of the infected host and the parasite was significantly less than that of the uninfected plants. Therefore, besides resource capture by C. campestris, the reduced growth of the infected plants must also be due to the negative effects of the parasite on host photosynthesis.     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of bumblebee nest parasites (Bombus subgenus Psythirus ssp.) and their hosts (Bombus spp.)

1. A 39-year bumblebee data base was used to study the codistribution of six cuckoo bumblebees in the subgenus Psythirus of Bombus (hereafter called Psythirus) and their free-living bumblebee hosts in the British Isles. 2. A model of nest parasitism predicted host threshold densities and stable deterministic dynamics, with fluctuations only emerging as a result of environmental or demographic stochasticity. 3. Standardized transects indicated that variation in total number of records could be largely attributed to variation in observer effort; analyses were therefore carried out using relative abundance. 4. Spatially, parasite-free zones were evident in areas of low host abundance, but the host threshold for parasite presence differed among species and locations. 5. Temporally, the relative numbers of the parasite and host species remained relatively constant, except that the nest parasite P. campestris declined significantly since 1990. 6. There were consistent negative effects of the parasitic species on the numbers of hosts in the following year, and this pattern was seen over large geographic areas. 7. The spatio-temporal patterns confirmed a high degree of host specificity, except that P. campestris may be parasitizing not only B. pascuorum but also other species in the subgenus Thoracobombus.     

外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)对温度升高的响应

为探讨全球变化温度升高对外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)化感作用和入侵能力的影响,研究不同温度(22、26和30℃)处理对其种子萌发、幼苗生长、生物量分配、挥发物成分和化感作用的影响。结果表明,薇甘菊种子在温度为22、26和30℃时的萌发率分别为29.2%、52.4%和75.2%。30℃条件下薇甘菊种子萌发率最高,萌发速度快。温度升高显著增加薇甘菊茎的生长、增加对茎的生物量分配。GC-MS和GC测定显示,温度升高改变了薇甘菊挥发物的化学成分。同时,生物测定表明,温度升高增强薇甘菊挥发物对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和油菜(Brassica campestris)的化感作用。说明温度升高促进了薇甘菊种子的萌发和生长,同时增强了该植物的化感作用,温度升高可能加速薇甘菊的生物入侵。     

Movement of protein and macromolecules between host plants and the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers.

Little is known about the translocation of proteins and other macromolecules from a host plant to the parasitic weed Phelipanche spp. Long-distance movement of proteins between host and parasite was explored using transgenic tomato plants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in their companion cells. We further used fluorescent probes of differing molecular weights to trace vascular continuity between the host plant and the parasite. Accumulation of GFP was observed in the central vascular bundle of leaves and in the root phloem of transgenic tomato plants expressing GFP under the regulation of AtSUC2 promoter. When transgenic tomato plants expressing GFP were parasitized with P. aegyptiaca, extensive GFP was translocated from the host phloem to the parasite phloem and accumulated in both Phelipanche tubercles and shoots. No movement of GFP to the parasite was observed when tobacco plants expressing GFP targeted to the ER were parasitized with P. aegyptiaca. Experiments using fluorescent probes of differing molecular weights to trace vascular continuity between the host plant and the parasite demonstrated that Phelipanche absorbs dextrans up to 70 kDa in size from the host and that this movement can be bi-directional. In the present study, we prove for the first time delivery of proteins from host to the parasitic weed P. aegyptiaca via phloem connections, providing information for developing parasite resistance strategies.