薇甘菊入侵扩散机制研究进展与改进思考

从薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H B.k)的入侵分布、入侵能力以及群落可侵入性等方面对其入侵机制研究进展进行了分析和总结.以往的研究工作没有重视对薇甘菊入侵过程的整体性研究、对入侵扩散影响因素分析、空间尺度约束影响分析,以及分析方法和技术手段的缺陷.因此,未来应重点开展薇甘菊入侵扩散过程重建及潜在危害区域预测、景观结构对薇甘菊入侵危害的影响等研究,并完善薇甘菊入侵扩散的动态监测网络及风险评估体系.     

海南岛外来植物薇甘菊危害现状及入侵动态研究

为全面了解薇甘菊在海南的危害现状与入侵动态,提供有效防治的科学依据,对海南全岛薇甘菊入侵现状进行了调查,分析其入侵动态,并对其分布区进行预测。结果表明,自2003年在海口、文昌首次发现以来,薇甘菊已侵入到海南10余个市县,由于其繁殖力强、生长迅速、适应性好,与本地植物进行强烈的资源竞争,对本地农林业生产已构成一定危害,而且有向整个海南岛扩散蔓延的趋势。因此,必须引起高度重视,采取综合防治,有效减少薇甘菊大面积入侵造成的危害和损失。     

云南省林地薇甘菊防控研究进展

薇甘菊是世界十大有害杂草之一,引起广泛关注,因其入侵能力强,给入侵地的生态系统造成了极大威胁。本文系统总结云南省林地薇甘菊防治研究进展:开发出"林地薇甘菊监测预警信息系统"和"薇甘菊风险评估管理信息系统",提高了薇甘菊在云南省潜在分布区域预测的可靠性;筛选及复配出林地防效好的森草净+2,4-D钠盐,对土壤相对较为安全的2,4-D+敌草快复合药剂;选用旱冬瓜、千果榄仁、柱花草等替代控制薇甘菊,防控的同时还能创造更大的经济效益;发现薇甘菊颈盲蝽是控制薇甘菊的专化性强且取食量大的重要天敌昆虫,实现了对薇甘菊种子扩散和无性传播的有效控制。对薇甘菊的防治,集成了监测预警、应急除治、生物防治、生态修复技术,形成林地薇甘菊绿色防控技术体系,但其防控仍是局部的,未来还需要不断突破,使对薇甘菊的局部应急防控逐步转为大面积的持续生态控制。     

区域尺度薇甘菊入侵分布的影响因子

以深圳市宝安区为研究区,利用基于2007年IRS卫星影像数据得到的土地利用分类制图以及同年薇甘菊分布调查图、DEM等GIS数据,通过薇甘菊入侵/未入侵地区相关指标的对比性分析及Autologistic回归模型的构建,研究了区域尺度下薇甘菊入侵分布的重要影响因子.结果表明:(1)区域尺度下薇甘菊入侵地区与未入侵地区之间存在显著差异,地形特征及土地利用方式为显著影响因子,群落特征的影响不显著;(2)Autologistic回归模型显示出薇甘菊的入侵分布与其邻域果园密度及水体密度高度相关,模型结果具有较好的拟合精度,可以为薇甘菊入侵扩散重建及近期重点区域的防除决策提供参考依据.     

入侵植物薇甘菊在广西的分布与危害

通过普查的方式,全面了解了薇甘菊在广西的分布、危害和防治状况.结果表明：薇甘菊在广西主要分布在东南部的玉林市、陆川县、博白县、北流市和容县,面积约582．61 hm2,并有向中部、南部地区,甚至整个广西地区扩散的趋势;薇甘菊在广西主要危害农田、果园、人工林、次生林等地方;在防治方面,目前广西主要采取人工和化学防治的方法防治薇甘菊,生物防治技术尚未开始实施.针对薇甘菊在广西的实际状况,应采取加强宣传力度,及时调查监测,选择人工、喷施化学药剂等适合的方法进行防除,开展生物防治方面的研究等措施,有效地控制薇甘菊的扩散和危害.     

菟丝子致死薇甘菊

薇甘菊Mikaniamicrantha是入侵的害草,已经由珠江三角洲扩散到粤东、粤西沿海地区,以及部分山区.在薇甘菊的天敌调查中看到菟丝子寄生于薇甘菊,严重时可以把薇甘菊致死.我们在本所的实验园中栽种薇甘菊,并让其被菟丝子Cuscuta chinensis Lam.寄生,结果证实菟丝子在两个月左右,完全可以抑制薇甘菊的生长,最终把薇甘菊致死.这可能是以草治草的一种新途径.但是菟丝子也是我国农作物的一种重要杂草,如何利用菟丝子控制薇甘菊的为害,而又不使菟丝子对薇甘菊的伴生植物和其它农作物造成为害,是下一步要解决的问题.菟丝子致死薇甘菊的机理更需要深入研究.     

入侵害草薇甘菊的防除研究进展

对薇甘菊MikaniamicranthaH.B.K.防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。薇甘菊的防除,目前主要采用人工清除、化学防除、生态防除和生物防治等方法,其中生物防治是最有效的防治方法之一。生物防治中艳婀珍蝶Actinotethaliapyrrha和安婀珍蝶A.anteas是较有前途的两种昆虫;柄锈菌PucciniaspegazzinideToni能使薇甘菊生长受阻、矮化、枯萎和死亡,在中国有利用的可能;凤凰木Delonixregia、血桐Macarangatanarius、榥伞枫Heteropanaxfragrans可以利用植物相克作用控制薇甘菊;菟丝子属Cuscuta的3种菟丝子能侵染薇甘菊,其中田野菟丝子Cuscutacampestris对薇甘菊控制作用较强,是以草治草的一种新方法。     

入侵植物薇甘菊新枝在海南的月生长动态

【背景】薇甘菊是入侵性和危害性极强的外来入侵植物,对生物多样性和农林业生产造成严重影响。观测薇甘菊新枝的月生长动态,了解薇甘菊快速生长扩散的原因,能够为薇甘菊的合理防治提供参考。【方法】采用定点定时观测法,历时2年对海南7个市县薇甘菊新枝的月生长量进行测定。【结果】薇甘菊在海南全年可生长,一新枝月平均生长66 cm,全年累计平均生长795 cm。薇甘菊生长高峰期在6月和8月,其中6月平均生长120 cm,8月平均生长106 cm。薇甘菊最小生长量在1月和12月,平均生长量均为21 cm。薇甘菊在6—10月生长较快,一新枝累计平均生长489 cm,占全年生长量的61.5%;在4—5月和11月生长次之,一新枝累计平均生长196 cm,占全年生长量的24.7%;在1—3月和12月生长缓慢,一新枝累计平均生长110 cm,占全年生长量的13.8%。薇甘菊的花果期在10月至次年3月,一些种群在1—3月再次开花或在3—5月开花。薇甘菊的生长量与温度呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.91;与降雨量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.56。【结论与意义】薇甘菊是多分枝植物,一新枝年生长量可达795 cm,能迅速生长形成种群。温度是薇甘菊生长的主要因素,降雨在一定程度促进了薇甘菊的生长。     

薇甘菊对内伶仃岛植被危害的相关分析

对广东内伶仃岛群落受薇甘菊危害的植物种类分析表明,58种乔木、小乔木和灌木种不同程度地受薇甘菊的影响,约占样地中木本种类的67%;其中受薇甘菊影响最大的主要是小乔木和阳生性灌木.薇甘菊危害与群落类型的关系表现为,由5、6个优势种组成的结构复杂的具有较大郁蔽度的群落受薇甘菊的危害轻微,而仅由2个优势种组成结构简单且郁蔽度很小的群落受薇甘菊的危害较严重.薇甘菊危害与群落结构的相关分析表明,群落垂直高度越大、片层越丰富,群落中薇甘菊的盖度越小;群落物种越丰富,群落密度越大,个体受害比例越小;群落中其他藤本盖度越大,个体受薇甘菊危害的程度越高.     

薇甘菊叶片对光反射、透射和利用效率及其与同群落植物之比较研究

该文对薇甘菊及其所在群落内19种植物（草本和木本）的叶片透射率、反射率和光合特征指标进行了测定,结果表明：薇甘菊与其它植物透射和反射图谱的变化趋势都比较相近,在各个光学特征指标与光合相关指标的相互关系中,薇甘菊并没有表现出区别于同一群落内其它植物的特征。从平均值来看,200—800nm下叶片反射率和透射率由大到小依次为：薇甘菊〉草本植物〉木本植物,薇甘菊各光学植被指标（SR680、SR750和PRO均低于其它植物的平均值,但是其光合能力（光利用效率、水分利用效率、电子传递速率和净光合速率）与其它植物接近或稍高。而且,薇甘菊夏季叶片反射和透射率明显高于冬季,这有利于散失夏季过多光照和充分利用冬季短缺光照。薇甘菊叶片的上述光学特征,可能是其生长于其它植物表面强光照环境的一种适应性表现,有利于其在入侵地快速生长。     

Interactions between resource availability and enemy release in plant invasion

Understanding why some exotic species become invasive is essential to controlling their populations. This review discusses the possibility that two mechanisms of invasion, release from natural enemies and increased resource availability, may interact. When plants invade new continents, they leave many herbivores and pathogens behind. Species most regulated by enemies in their native range have the most potential for enemy release, and enemy regulation may be strongest for high-resource species. High resource availability is associated with low defence investment, high nutritional value, high enemy damage and consequently strong enemy regulation. Therefore, invasive plant species adapted to high resource availability may also gain most from enemy release. Strong release of high-resource species would predict that: (i) both enemy release and resources may underlie plant invasion, leading to potential interactions among control measures; (ii) increases in resource availability due to disturbance or eutrophication may increase the advantage of exotic over native species; (iii) exotic species will tend to have high-resource traits relative to coexisting native species; and (iv) although high-resource plants may experience strong enemy release in ecological time, well-defended low-resource plants may have stronger evolutionary responses to the absence of enemies.     

Investment in seed dispersal structures is linked to invasiveness in exotic plant species of south-eastern Australia

Naturalized plant species disperse their populations over considerable distances to become invasive. We tested the hypothesis that this shift from naturalization to invasion is facilitated by increased investment of resources in seed dispersal appendages, using an assemblage of naturalized plants of south-eastern Australia. Compared with non-invasive species, we found in both cross-species and independent-contrasts analyses that invasive species invested more heavily in seed dispersal appendages, regardless of the structure present on the seed associated with the mode of dispersal (e.g., wings versus fleshy fruits). Invasive species such as Lonicera japonica, Hedera Helix and Acetosa sagittata were found to invest as much as 60–70% of total diaspore mass in dispersal appendages. The positive relationship between dispersal investment and invasion success was still prevalent after controlling for the effects of plant growth form, seed mass and capacity for vegetative growth. Our findings demonstrate that a plant’s investment in dispersal appendages helps to overcome the dispersal barrier in the shift from naturalization to invasion.     

外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的入侵特征与防治策略

刺萼龙葵是原产于北美洲的恶性外来入侵植物,在世界各地广为分布,已入侵我国北方地区,严重威胁我国农牧业安全,亟待明确刺萼龙葵入侵过程与危害,为我国制定刺萼龙葵防治策略提供参考。本文对刺萼龙葵生物学和生态学特性、传播途径、入侵历史和分布特征、危害、现有防除措施及存在等问题进行综述。刺萼龙葵具有花期长、花粉萌发率和结实率高、果实和种子产量大等高繁殖能力特征;能适应多变气候和异质性生境;具有自体传播、风力传播、水力传播、动物传播和人为传播等多种传播途径;已先后入侵了我国9个省级行政区的55个区县,向华北、华中和华东快速入侵的可能性高;刺萼龙葵的植株及分泌物对人畜安全、动物皮毛质量、草地植被结构、农作物产量等方面造成严重危害,并帮助传播植物病虫害。然而,现有的化学和物理防除措施仍不能彻底遏制传播、消除危害和保障生产。为有效防除刺萼龙葵,应开展刺萼龙葵入侵风险评估,针对不同土地利用类型制定防治措施,加强入侵机制和防控技术研究。     

Woody plant invasions and restoration in forests of island ecosystems: lessons from Robinson Crusoe Island,Chile

Islands are susceptible to exotic plant invasion, and Robinson Crusoe Island (RCI), Juan Fernandez Archipelago (33°S, 78°7′W, Chile) is no exception. Through a literature review, we assessed plant invasion and compared it to other oceanic islands worldwide. Here, we discuss measures to enhance forest recovery on RCI based on knowledge accumulated from studies on RCI and other islands. Although these findings are designed to halt the progress of invasion on RCI, they could also be applied to other insular ecosystems. We addressed the following questions: (1) What is the plant invasion status on RCI in relation to other islands worldwide? (2) How imminent is biodiversity loss by plant invasion on RCI? (3) How is woody plant invasion taking place on RCI? (4) What methods are effective in controlling invasive woody species on islands worldwide? (5) What is the ability of natural forests to recover after controlling invasive plants on RCI? We found that (1) RCI is globally the fourth most invaded island for woody species. (2) Invasive woody species expansion is estimated at 4.3 ha annually. (3) Some invasive species establish under forest canopy gaps, out-competing native species. (4) Control of invasive plant species should focus on small gaps, and restoration should promote plant cover and soil protection. Mechanical and chemical control of invasive species seemed to be insufficient to prevent biodiversity loss. Developing alternatives like biological control are indispensable on RCI. (5) Six years after invasive species control, floristic composition tended to recover.     

Surveillance protocols for management of invasive plants: modelling Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) in Australia

Aim To develop a surveillance support model that enables prediction of areas susceptible to invasion, comparative analysis of surveillance methods and intensity and assessment of eradication feasibility. To apply the model to identify surveillance protocols for generalized invasion scenarios and for evaluating surveillance and control for a context‐specific plant invasion. Location Australia. Methods We integrate a spatially explicit simulation model, including plant demography and dispersal vectors, within a Geographical Information System. We use the model to identify effective surveillance protocols using simulations of generalized plant life‐forms spreading via different dispersal mechanisms in real landscapes. We then parameterize the surveillance support model for Chilean needle grass [CNG; Nassella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth], a highly invasive tussock grass, which is an eradication target in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia. Results General surveillance protocols that can guide rapid response surveillance were identified; suitable habitat that is susceptible to invasion through particular dispersal syndromes should be targeted for surveillance using an adaptive seek‐and‐destroy method. The search radius of the adaptive method should be based on maximum expected dispersal distances. Protocols were used to define a surveillance strategy for CNG, but simulations indicated that despite effective and targeted surveillance, eradication is implausible at current intensities. Main conclusions Several important surveillance protocols emerged and simulations indicated that effectiveness can be increased if they are followed in rapid response surveillance. If sufficient data are available, the surveillance support model should be parameterized to target areas susceptible to invasion and determine whether surveillance is effective and eradication is feasible. We discovered that for CNG, regardless of a carefully designed surveillance strategy, eradication is implausible at current intensities of surveillance and control and these efforts should be doubled if they are to be successful. This is crucial information in the face of environmentally and economically damaging invasive species and large, expensive and potentially ineffective control programmes.     

外来入侵种紫茎泽兰研究进展与展望

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)是20世纪40年代经中缅边境传入我国的一种外来入侵种,原产于中美洲的墨西哥和哥斯达黎加,现已在我国南方和西南地区广泛分布,并且其蔓延速度极快,引起了社会各界的广泛关注。近年来,随着研究的不断深入和拓展,新的研究成果不断涌现,使紫茎泽兰成功入侵的机理性问题不断被揭示出来。该文简要介绍了目前我国关于紫茎泽兰研究的几个热点问题,这些问题主要围绕着紫茎泽兰的分布和预测、入侵扩散机制以及防除方法3个方面展开。其中以紫茎泽兰作为典型外来入侵种来研究其入侵扩散机制的工作最多。该文就目前的研究进展做一综述,并提出今后的研究建议。     

Fruiting phenology as a “triggering attribute” of invasion process: Do invasive species take advantage of seed dispersal service provided by native birds?

Mechanisms underlying biological invasion of highly disturbed ecosystems are well known, yet mechanisms responsible for biological invasion of undisturbed or weakly disturbed ecosystems are less understood. The triggering attribute (TA) approach, proposed as a mechanism that explains plant invasion success in undisturbed or weakly disturbed systems, considers that the spread of alien species depends on specific vegetative or regenerative traits in invasive species, discontinuously distributed in comparison to the resident community. In mountain Chaco woodland, fruiting phenology of ornithocorous invasive plants has been proposed as a TA, because it would allow invasive species to benefit from seed dispersal service, which is unused by native plants during a specific period of the year (winter). Under the seed dispersal ecology framework, we evaluated if fruiting phenology (fructification largely uncoupled with native species) of the fleshy-fruited invasive Pyracantha angustifolia affects bird fruit consumption, and allows the invasive to take advantage of the unused seed dispersal service during winter. If uncoupled fructification phenology represents a TA, seed disperser, seed predator, and pulp consumer diversity, abundance, and fruit consumption on P. angustifolia (which fructifies in winter), will be higher than on its exotic congeneric P. coccinea during summer, when fructification overlaps with native Celtis ehrenbergiana and many other native species. We found that: (1) disperser bird abundance and fruit consumption did not differ between P. angustifolia and P. coccinea; (2) the most diverse frugivorous assemblage was observed on C. ehrenbergiana, yet it had the lowest proportion of seed dispersers and the highest fruit consumption by seed predators and, (3) we also observed higher proportion of seed predators on P. angustifolia (uncoupled fructification scenario) than on P. coccinea (coupled fructification scenario). Our results suggest that invasive uncoupled fructification phenology does not represent a true TA which facilitates plant invasion processes in undisturbed or weakly disturbed ecosystem.     

外来种对生物多样性的影响及其控制

外来种是那些借助自身力量或其它外界力量传播到其未曾分布过的地域 ,并且能进行繁殖传播的生物。外来种入侵已成为一种引人关注的现象。外来种通过竞争、捕食、牧食、改变生境和传播疾病等方式对本地生物产生威胁 ,影响本地生物多样性。外来种入侵成了生物多样性丧失的两个主要影响之一 (另一影响是生境的破坏 )。因此 ,探寻阻止或减少外来种入侵的方法很有必要。目前 ,人们运用机械法、化学法和生物控制法来控制外来种。在外来种入侵的初始阶段或外来种数量不多时 ,运用机械法较好。化学法有带来新环境污染的危险。生物控制法是应用天敌来防治或消灭有害生物。在外来种的控制上 ,生物控制法有一些成功的案例 ,但它并不是万能的。有些生物控制剂可能对非目标种产生影响 ,这要求在释放前对生物控制剂作更严格的检测。     

Contagious dispersal of seeds of synchronously fruiting species beneath invasive and native fleshy‐fruited trees

In subtropical Australia, many native and invasive plant species rely on a shared suite of frugivores, largely birds, for seed dispersal. Many native plants fruit during summer in this region, whereas most invasive plants fruit during winter, thus providing the opportunity for contagious dispersal of seeds beneath synchronously fruiting species. We sampled invasive and native seed rain beneath the canopy of a native summer‐fruiting tree Guioa semiglauca and an invasive winter‐fruiting tree Cinnamomum camphora, in three study sites over the course of a year. In July, during peak fruiting season for C. camphora and other invasive species, seed rain of invasive species was higher beneath C. camphora than G. semiglauca. This was partly due to the invasive tree Ligustrum lucidum, whose seed rain was three times higher beneath C. camphora than beneath the native tree. In February, seed rain of native species was more abundant beneath the canopy of G. semiglauca than beneath C. camphora, despite the fact that C. camphora was also fruiting at this time. This was probably due to the larger fruit crop produced by G. semiglauca at this time of year. Our study provides evidence that the presence of invasive bird‐dispersed plants may facilitate contagious seed dispersal of other invaders, and likewise native species may facilitate seed spread of other native plants.     

Implications of newly-formed seed-dispersal mutualisms between birds and introduced plants in northern California,USA

I examined the role of bird dispersal in invasiveness of three non-native plant species in California, USA: Triadica sebifera, Ligustrum lucidum, and Olea europaea. I selected these species because their invasiveness in California is uncertain, but a survey of ornithologists highlighted them as likely bird-dispersed. I quantified bird frugivory of these plants, compared them with a native species (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and explored the management implications of dispersal mutualisms for these and other incipient invasive plants. Fruit removal by birds was sufficient to permit spread for all study species. Seed dispersers (rather than seed predators) and pulse feeders (flocking species with potential for long distance dispersal) performed most fruit removal for the non-native species, a pattern indicative of an effective dispersal regime. The number of fruiting trees per stand was a significant predictor of bird visitation. Founding population size may thus be important in management of invasive, bird-dispersed plants. Disperser-defined niches were relatively narrow because a few disperser species performed the majority of fruit removal from study trees, but each fruit species was consumed by a variety of potential dispersers. This results in strong pairwise niche overlap between some plant species. Ordinated by bird use, study site-species combinations clustered more by geographic location than by plant species, emphasizing the opportunistic nature of bird foraging. None of the non-native focal plant species appears dispersal limited, and all have formed novel mutualisms in California. It is possible that these plants are now in lag phases preceding bird-mediated invasion. Consideration of bird dispersal when evaluating invasiveness is therefore an imperative.