庐山植物园9种杜鹃花属植物种子萌发特性观测

杜鹃花作为城市园林绿化中的重要观赏树种,了解其种子萌发的特性对杜鹃花的推广应用具有重要意义。以庐山植物园9种杜鹃属植物为实验材料,在25℃恒温条件下对其萌发情况进行观测,分析不同种杜鹃的千粒重和萌发特性差异,结果表明:杜鹃花植物种子较为细小,千粒重仅为0.134～0.268 g。室温贮存下不同杜鹃花属植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等指标的变化趋势相同,其中百合花杜鹃的四个萌发指标均处于9种杜鹃的首位。通过萌发特性分析比较,不同种杜鹃花萌发能力大小为百合花广福杜鹃猴头杜鹃云锦杜鹃短脉杜鹃腺绒杜鹃桃叶杜鹃红滩杜鹃井冈山杜鹃,为扩大杜鹃花的种子繁育及引种驯化提供了理论依据。     

杜鹃花对各种非生物逆境胁迫的抗性研究进展

杜鹃花作为我国传统的"十大名花"之一,在我国有着丰富的野生杜鹃资源。但大部分野生杜鹃品种分布在高海拔地区,在引种栽培过程中,由于高温、干旱及土壤盐渍等各种胁迫,严重影响了杜鹃花正常的生长发育以及推广应用。因此综述杜鹃属植物的耐热、耐寒、抗旱等各种抗性及逆境交叉适应性机理的研究进展,能够为杜鹃属植物抗性研究提供相关理论参考,为引种栽培提供相应实践指导。     

5种杜鹃幼苗对高温胁迫的生理生化响应及耐热性综合评价

以杜鹃花属(Rhododendron L.)5个亚属5种杜鹃的4年生实生苗为材料,对模拟高温(30℃和38℃)条件下叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性进行了测定分析,对各指标进行了相关性和主成分分析;在此基础上,采用隶属函数法对5种杜鹃的耐热性进行了综合评价,并通过建立最优回归方程对综合评价结果进行检验.测定结果表明:与对照( 22℃)相比,5种杜鹃幼苗的MDA、H2O2和Pro含量以及CAT和APX活性均随胁迫温度的升高而增加;SOD活性则表现为在30℃条件下小幅增加、38℃条件下下降的趋势.CAT活性与H2O2和Pro含量及APX活性均呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01),APX活性与Pro含量和SOD活性分别呈显著的正相关和负相关关系(P＜0.05).通过主成分分析可将测定的6个单项指标转换成3个相互独立的综合指标,累计贡献率达87.52％.根据综合评价值(D),可将5种杜鹃的耐热性分为4个等级:白花杜鹃[R.mucronatum (Blume)G.Don]的耐热性最强,毛棉杜鹃(R.moulmainense Hook.f.)和羊踯躅[R.molle (Blume)G.Don]耐热性较强,红滩杜鹃(R.chihsinanum Chun et Fang)耐热性较弱,红棕杜鹃(R.rubiginosum Franch.)的耐热性最弱.利用所建立的最优同归方程对供试种类进行耐热性预测,预测值与D值的次序完全一致,表明综合评价法可用于杜鹃苗期耐热性的评价.     

杜鹃属基因组DNA提取及RAPD的检定

以杜鹃花属常绿杜鹃亚属井冈山杜鹃树叶为材料,分别采用修改的CTAB法、碱裂解法、SDS法提取基因组DNA。实验表明,三种方法所提的DNA纯度及产率有差别,从综合结果看,以CTAB法最好,其所提到的DNA大小与λDNA（21kb）相似,经检验该法适合杜鹃花属植物总基因组DNA的提取,所得DNA不需纯化就可直接用于RAPD分析。     

羊踯躅和日本杜鹃的传粉生物学与杂交育种初探

杜鹃属植物在自然界的杂交现象是普遍存在的,国内外已经通过杂交育种培育出许多杜鹃花新品种。以羊踯躅和日本杜鹃为试材,进行传粉生物学特性研究和种间杂交及自交试验,为杜鹃花属植物的杂交育种及新品种选育提供基础。     

32种杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性研究

为探索杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性规律,该文对常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen. Hymenanthes)、杜鹃亚属(subgen. Rhododendron)及马银花亚属(subgen. Azaleastrum)、映山红亚属(subgen. Tsutsusi)和羊踯躅亚属(subgen. Pentanthera)的亚属间杂交进行了研究,共涉及杜鹃花属植物5亚属15亚组32种,杂交组合118个。结果表明:(1)杜鹃花属植物的亚属间杂交存在明显的生殖障碍,其可育性水平与亚属及其类群组合有关,高、中、低与不育比例为2∶16∶8∶92,可育比例仅20.0%,杜鹃亚属与马银花亚属等4个亚属级组合杂交未显现可育性。(2)亲本杂交组合方式对亚属间杂交有不同程度的影响,一些类群组合有明显的向性。以杜鹃亚属做母本与常绿杜鹃亚属的云锦杜鹃亚组杂交的可育组合比高于反交,且在有关大王杜鹃、粘毛杜鹃、露珠杜鹃和马缨花的杂交中也是如此,但与银叶杜鹃亚组杂交正好相反;另外,12对单向可育组合,分布于常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属等4类亚属级杂交组合中。(3)杜鹃花属的亚属间杂交不亲和与败育现象明显,不可育组合百分率占80%,不能坐果是败育的主要表征,所有可育组合的绿苗率比值和单位种子数比值无一例达到相应母本的自然授粉水平。(4)双亲系统分类上的关系对亚属间可交配性具有重要影响并与可育程度一致,染色体倍性也有一定的作用。(5)有关研究为探索和认识杜鹃花属植物亚属间进化遗传联系提供了新的证据和思考,银叶杜鹃亚组可能是解释常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属进化遗传联系的重要类群,杜鹃亚属的多鳞杜鹃可能与常绿杜鹃亚属具有广泛的血亲关系,其中多鳞杜鹃与岷江杜鹃彼此为生态相邻种并有可能在长期的演化过程中有遗传渗透,百合花杜鹃和毛肋杜鹃分别与映山红亚属、腺果杜鹃与马银花亚属,越峰杜鹃和繁花杜鹃分别与映山红亚属,大白杜鹃与羊踯躅亚属间的联系均需要深入研究。     

浙江大盘山杜鹃花属植物资源及其保护与利用

在对浙江大盘山国家级自然保护区进行全面踏查的基础上,对区内杜鹃花属植物的进行了重点调查与鉴定。首先,摸清了保护区内有杜鹃花属的野生种8个,以及每个种的资源分布现状。其次,探讨了该属植物的观赏与药用价值,如华顶杜鹃、猴头杜鹃、云锦杜鹃、映山红等均具有较高的观赏价值;而猴头杜鹃、麂角杜鹃、羊踯躅、云锦杜鹃和马银花又具有较高的药用价值。最后,对杜鹃花属植物资源的保护与利用提出了建议。     

杜鹃花属植物种间可交配性及其特点

该研究以杜鹃花属5亚属3组17亚组38种和共计91个可育组合及109个不育组合的杂交结果为依据,通过杂交可育指标频度分析,初步揭示该属植物种间可交配性的分布规律。结果表明:(1)根据育性等级频度的研究,可得到种间可交配性排序结果,即亚属级:常绿杜鹃亚属内杂交杜鹃亚属内杂交常绿杜鹃亚属×杜鹃亚属杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×马银花亚属杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属;亚组级:银叶杜鹃亚组×同亚属的其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×银叶杜鹃亚组银叶杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组三花杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×同亚属其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组常绿杜鹃亚属的其他亚组×杜鹃亚属各组。(2)种间可交配性与亲本间的亲缘关系及染色体倍性有明显的关联,与分类系统中所反映的类群亲缘关系契合,原始的杜鹃花属植物类群如常绿杜鹃亚属可能比较进化类群具有更广泛的可交配性。(3)坐果率、绿苗率、绿苗系数和单位可育种子数量及其等级频度能从不同的侧面反映杜鹃花属植物杂交可育性数量特征,但也分别存在某些局限性,建立综合评价方案和可育性等级频度指标十分重要。     

中国湖南杜鹃花科杜鹃花属一新种——天门山杜鹃

报道了中国湖南天门山国家森林公园内发现的杜鹃花科Ericaceae杜鹃花属Rhododendron一新种——天门山杜鹃R．tianmenshanense C．L．Peng＆L．H．Yan。该种与雪山杜鹃R．aganniphum Balf.f.＆K．Ward近似,但以叶为长圆状椭圆形,叶背具两层毛被,上层为银白色短绒毛,下层为紧贴的鳞片状细毛,总花梗和花梗具密而短的腺毛,花常5朵组成总状花序而不同。该种隶属常绿杜鹃组大理杜鹃亚组sect．Ponticum subsect.Talienisa。     

果皮和种皮微形态特征在杜鹃花属系统学研究中的应用

采用扫描电子显微镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属的代表种和近缘类群杜香属Ledum杜香L.palustre的果皮和种皮微形态特征进行观察,对杜鹃花属植物果皮微形态特征进行了系统描述,并通过比较现存杜鹃花属植物和种子化石,新发现一些居间的种子类型。结果表明,果皮和种皮微形态特征具有一定的系统学意义。叶状苞亚属subgen.Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R.redowskianum的果实有短而疏的刺毛,无气孔,种子为无翅类,扁平,外围轮廓长椭圆形。杜鹃亚属subgen.Rhododendron植物果皮为百合花杜鹃型,具有鳞片,气孔器散生于指状突起之间,与叶表皮的微形态特征一致,其种子为百合花杜鹃型,表面具宽而浅的沟,呈脑纹状,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen.Hymenanthes果皮为云锦杜鹃型,其角质层表面不规则,无表皮毛,偶见气孔;种子为云锦杜鹃型。映山红亚属subgen.Tsutsusi果皮为岭南杜鹃型,密生长表皮毛,角质层致密;种子为南边杜鹃型和岭南杜鹃型。微形态特征与“常绿杜鹃亚属和(国产)映山红亚属均为内部支持率很高的单系类群”的分子系统发育研究结果一致。马银花亚属subgen.Azaleastrum的马银花组sect.Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect.Choniastrum微形态区别明显,支持各自为独立的单系类群。羊踯躅亚属subgen.Pentanthera的羊踯躅R.molle果皮特征明显,可与其他亚属区分,但种子类型更接近常绿杜鹃亚属。本研究结合分子系统发育资料和叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘类群的系统发育关系;研究结果支持将腺萼马银花处理为独立的种。     

Phylogeographic study reveals the origin and evolutionary history of a Rhododendron species complex in Taiwan

This study infers a single origin and a once-widespread distribution of the Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum species complex in Taiwan based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation. In total, 124 individuals from five endemic Rhododendron species were used for amplifications of two chloroplast intergenic spacers: trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities were much lower for the R. pseudochrysanthum complex, comprised of the species R. pseudochrysanthum, R. morii, Rhododendron rubropunctatum, and Rhododendron hyperythrum, than for Rhododendron formosanum. Two measures of pairwise population differentiation, N(ST) and F(ST), consistently revealed mostly non-significant levels of genetic divergence between populations of the R. pseudochrysanthum complex. No genetic difference was found among the four species of the R. pseudochrysanthum complex by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), which is concordant with the parsimonious topology of cpDNA haplotypes for the complex. Nested clade analysis (NCA) of the cpDNA haplotypes indicated that restricted gene flow with isolation-by-distance characterized the recolonization pattern of the R. pseudochrysanthum complex. In contrast, the NCA analysis indicated a contiguous range expansion for cpDNA haplotypes of R. formosanum. This research suggests a once-widespread distribution of the R. pseudochrysanthum complex probably via north-to-south colonization of mid-elevations during low-temperature periods of the Pleistocene. Population fragmentation followed the warmer climate which began in the Holocene and resulted in the present-day range contraction into high elevations.     

探讨种间传粉在杜鹃花属自然杂交物种形成中的作用

自然杂交是物种形成的一个途径, 在植物进化中起着重要的作用。自然杂交主要通过种间的基因交流, 花粉传递则是基因交流的主要途径。马缨花(Rhododendron delavayi)、大白花杜鹃(R. decorum)、迷人杜鹃(R. agastum)和露珠杜鹃(R. irroratum)是在云南广泛分布的杜鹃花种类, 马缨花与大白花杜鹃形态上区别明显, 而它们的可能杂交种迷人杜鹃和露珠杜鹃在形态上基本介于二者之间。本文对这4种杜鹃花的开花物候和访花昆虫的种类进行了观察,并进行了其繁育系统和种子萌发的实验。我们发现马缨花的花期从3月初至5月底, 迷人杜鹃与露珠杜鹃花期基本一致, 为3月初至4月初, 二者同大白花杜鹃基本不存在花期重叠, 大白花杜鹃的花期为4月中旬至5月底。4种杜鹃花的开花期不同年份稍有变化, 其单花开花周期都在一周以上。4种杜鹃花的传粉昆虫虽然种类和数量上有所不同, 但都以膜翅目和双翅目昆虫为主, 中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)是其共有的传粉昆虫。繁育系统研究发现, 除露珠杜鹃外, 其余3种自花不育, 而种间杂交不存在任何生殖障碍, 可以产生萌发率很高的种子。通过分析4种杜鹃花开花物候重叠、共有传粉昆虫及种间杂交可育等现象, 探讨了传粉昆虫和异花授粉的机制在自然杂交物种形成中的作用及杂交种的适应能力。     

Hybridization among sympatric species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) in Turkey: morphological and molecular evidence

Rhododendron (Ericaceae) is a large genus in which barriers to hybridization are especially weak, but many species are maintained in sympatry. Hybridization among four species of Rhododendron subsect. Pontica, which occur in sympatry in Turkey, was investigated. Material of R. ponticum, R. smirnovii, R. ungernii, and R. caucasicum and their putative hybrids was collected from the wild. Based on morphology, chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles, each accession was identified as a species or hybrid combination. Five of the six possible hybrid combinations among the four species were detected. Rhododendron ponticum × R. smirnovii was represented by a single individual and R. caucasicum × R. smirnovii by one small group of hybrid plants. The combinations R. ponticum × R. ungernii and R. ungernii × R. smirnovii showed evidence of frequent backcrossing, while R. ponticum × R. caucasicum appeared unusual in that an intermediate hybrid type was abundant, whereas hybrids with phenotypes approaching either parent were rare. Possible explanations of this latter situation are discussed. The results suggest that natural hybridization among Rhododendron species is common and that ecological factors are important in maintaining integrity when species occur in sympatry.     

杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对5个亚属20种杜鹃花属植物的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究,其中大部分(16种)为首次报道。杜鹃花属花粉均为四合花粉,呈正四面体排列。四合体为圆角三角形,连接紧密。单粒花粉为球形或近球形,具三沟孔。在扫描电镜下,除了杜鹃亚属的百合杜鹃、羊踯躅亚属的羊踯躅以及马银花亚属的马银花组具有明显的纹饰特征之外,其它类群的形态特征相互重叠,不足以作为现有亚属的分类依据。花粉粒具不同的外壁纹饰,可为分类研究提供孢粉学方面的证据,但应慎重应用花粉形态对杜鹃花属植物特定种进行分类鉴定。     

Patterns of geographic distribution have a considerable influence on population genetic structure in one common and two rare species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)

Genetic diversity is essential for species to sustain their populations and evolutionary potential. In order to develop effective conservation strategies for rare species, it is necessary to understand differences in patterns of genetic diversity between common and rare species. Data about population genetic structure is important to design effective conservation strategies for rare species. In this study, we compared the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a common species, Rhododendron weyrichii, to those of two rare species, Rhododendron sanctum and Rhododendron amagianum, with different geographic distributions. We analyzed five microsatellite loci in 16 populations of R. weyrichii, 9 populations of R. sanctum, and 6 populations of R. amagianum. As expected, the level of genetic diversity indicated by allelic richness and gene diversity was lower for the rare species R. sanctum than for the common species R. weyrichii. However, there was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between R. weyrichii and the other rare species, R. amagianum. Analyses of the isolation-by-distance pattern, neighbor-joining trees, and Bayesian clustering indicated that R. sanctum had a strong population genetic structure whereas R. amagianum exhibited very weak genetic structure among populations and that there was moderate population genetic structure for R. weyrichii. Therefore, the degree and pattern of population genetic structure in each species was unrelated to its rarity and instead merely reflected its geographic distribution.     

太白山5种杜鹃属植物叶片光合特性及解剖结构的生态适应性研究

对分布于太白山海拔2 000～3 700 m的5种杜鹃属植物的叶片光合特性和形态解剖结构进行了研究.结果显示:头花杜鹃分布于高山灌丛,光饱和点、光补偿点高,强光适应性好,耐荫性差;爬枇杷分布于3 000～3 400 m的太白红杉林下,光饱和点较低,光补偿点最高,利用强光能力较弱,生态幅较窄;金背杜鹃、药枇杷、秀雅杜鹃分布于2 000～3 200 m的红桦、牛皮桦林下,光补偿点低,耐荫性强,生态幅宽.在形态结构上,5种杜鹃的栅海组织比均远小于1,属耐荫植物.头花杜鹃叶表密被鳞片,栅栏组织发达,通气组织发达;爬枇杷栅栏组织发达,排列紧密;金背杜鹃叶下表皮密被毛,气孔密度最高,海绵组织排列疏松;秀雅杜鹃叶上下表皮密被鳞片;药枇杷的栅栏组织厚度最小,栅海组织比最低.研究表明,5种杜鹃属植物叶片结构特征的形成是对生境条件长期适应的结果.     

Analysis of the volatile components of five Turkish Rhododendron species by headspace solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS)

Volatile constituents of various solvent extracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, H2O) of 15 different organs (leaves, flowers, fruits) of five Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) growing in Turkey were trapped with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 200 compounds were detected and identified from organic extracts, while the water extracts contained only traces of few volatiles. The CH2Cl2 extract of the R. luteum flowers was found to exhibit the most diverse composition: 34 compounds were identified, with benzyl alcohol (16.6%), limonene (14.6%) and p-cymene (8.4%) being the major compounds. The CH2Cl2-solubles of R. x sochadzeae leaves contained only phenyl ethyl alcohol. This study indicated appreciable intra-specific variations in volatile compositions within the genus. Different anatomical parts also showed altered volatile profiles. This is the first application of HS-SPME-GC-MS on the volatiles of Rhododendron species.     

Morphological and molecular evidence of natural hybridization between two distantly related Rhododendron species from the Sino-Himalaya

Rhododendron (Ericaceae) is a large woody genus in which hybridization may play an important role in evolution and speciation, particularly in the Sino-Himalayan region, where many interfertile species often occur sympatrically. Natural hybridization between Rhododendron delavayi Franch. (=  R. arboreum ssp. delavayi ) and Rhododendron decorum Franch., which belong to different subsections of subgenus Hymenanthes, was investigated. Material of R. delavayi and R. decorum and their putative hybrids was collected from the wild. On the basis of morphology, chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and AFLP profiles, hybrids and parental species were identified. Hybridization occurred in both directions, but was asymmetrical, with R. delavayi as the major maternal parent in the hybrid zone. Most of the hybrids possessed intermediate phenotypes, and amongst the 15 hybrids detected were six F1s, two F2s, one first-generation backcross to R. delavayi , and two first-generation backcrosses to R. decorum . This indicates that, if Rhododendron underwent rapid radiation in this region, it did so in spite of permeable species barriers.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 156 , 119–129.     

中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属48种4变种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察,结果表明叶表皮的鳞片、腺体、表皮毛的有无和气孔器的类型具有一定的系统学意义。光学显微镜下可见：叶表皮细胞形状为多边形、不规则形,垂周壁式样为较平直、浅波状和波状．气孔器普遍存在于下表皮,上表皮未见气孔器分布,其类型均为无规则形。杜鹃亚属subgen．Rhododendron叶表皮具有鳞片,在扫描电镜下可见气孔器散生于指状突起之间,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen．Hymenanthes和映山红亚属subgen．Tsutsusi有多种不同叶表皮类型;除了凯里杜鹃R．westlandii和弯蒴杜鹃R．henryi形态较特殊之外,马银花亚属subgen．Azaleastrum的马银花组sect．Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect．Choniastrum微形态区别不明显。羊踯躅亚属subgen．Pentanthera的羊踯躅R．molle叶表皮有表皮毛,无腺体,气孔器密生,外拱盖形状不对称,外围有多层波形条纹突起可与其他亚属区分：而叶状苞亚属subgen．Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R．redowskianum保卫细胞有明显的T型加厚,与其他亚属种类明显不同,与分子系统发育研究得到的“叶状苞亚属是杜鹃花属的基部类群”的结果吻合。本研究还依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系。